
@article{jelokhani-niaraki_collaborative_2021,
	title = {Collaborative spatial multicriteria evaluation: a review and directions for future research},
	volume = {35},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1776870},
	doi = {10.1080/13658816.2020.1776870},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Jelokhani-Niaraki, Mohammadreza},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1776870},
	pages = {9--42},
	annote = {doi: 10.1080/13658816.2020.1776870},
}

@article{sun_use_2019,
	title = {Use of {Planning} {Training} {Courses} and {Activities} to {Enhance} the {Understanding} of {Eco}-{Community} {Planning} {Concepts} in {Participatory} {Planning} {Workshop} {Participants}: {A} {Case} {Study} in {Taiwan}},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.3390/ijerph16091666},
	abstract = {In recent years, in order to make community planning content closer to people's life needs and psychological expectations, and to obtain the support of the people, citizen participatory planning and community-engagement have become two important strategies of the community planning process. In this study, an indigenous people participatory planning workshop was conducted with the support of government funds, and pre-training and post-training questionnaires were completed by the participants of the planning training of the citizen participation planning. Through questionnaire analysis, this study obtained data of the participants' cognitive status related to community planning and analyzed the basic background of the participants in order to determine the effectiveness of the planning training. According to the results of this study, most of the participating citizens had a basic understanding of the community environment, the relationship between ecological knowledge and community planning, and community identity before the training. Moreover, the research results also confirm that planning training can effectively enhance participants' understanding of community planning, spatial planning, planning tools, planning laws, and the environment of the community. Additionally, planning training also contributes to the implementation of participatory decision-making and the promotion of public support for planning content. However, it is necessary to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the needs of participants, and to make appropriate adjustments to the planning training courses and activities in order to obtain stable training effectiveness and build the basic ability of citizens with respect to participatory planning.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH},
	author = {Sun, CY and Tai, HH and Yen, AC},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{hawas_are_2017,
	title = {Are {We} {Intentionally} {Limiting} {Urban} {Planning} and {Intelligence}? {A} {Causal} {Evaluative} {Review} and {Methodical} {Redirection} for {Intelligence} {Systems}},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2725138},
	abstract = {The chronic growth of networked complexities in today's world, now require highly efficient evolvable systems. However, diverse open issues and inabilities are facing urban planning practice and social sciences due to the limitations of artificial intelligence planning tools. These incapacities have relatively limited our ability to perceive and handle possible present and future temperamental situations in socio-physical contexts and in real- time modes. Here, we theoretically present two simple philosophical and systematic causal models to help software engineers to understand this philosophical and complexity dilemma from an urban planning perspective. The first model evaluates the reliance on perceptual and bounding trajectories. It discusses discrete and finite-expert systems that perceive specific parts of self-organization's complexities, while bounding limited facets only of general intelligence to address certain issues in urban planning and social contexts. This implies the second causal model that is based on aligning to urban self-organizational happenings, by putting philosophical foundations for a responsive artificial superintelligence (ASI). This proposed ASI is based on connecting between complex adaptive systems in our contexts by open-endedly hosting and operating in finite expert systems to refiect different fields and functions, toward asymptotic in finite intellectual capacity.},
	journal = {IEEE ACCESS},
	author = {Hawas, MA},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {13253--13259},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-07-31 07:58:05)(Select): However, current AI practice is philosophicallylimited to ESs’ incapacities, in terms of their sole structuralcapabilities to exhibit general intelligence;},
}

@article{yang_group_2020,
	title = {Group {Decision}-{Making} {Support} for {Sustainable} {Governance} of {Algal} {Bloom} in {Urban} {Lakes}},
	volume = {12},
	doi = {10.3390/su12041494},
	abstract = {Algal bloom is a typical pollution of urban lakes, which threatens drinking safety and breaks the urban landscape. It is pivotal to select a reasonable governance approach for sustainable management. A decision-making support method was studied in this paper. First, a general framework was designed to organize the rational decision-making processes. Second, quantitative calculation methods were proposed, including expert selection and opinion integration. The methods can determine the vital decision elements objectively and automatically. Third, the method was applied in Yuyuantan Lake in Beijing, China. The monitoring information and decision-making process are presented and the rank of governance alternatives is given. The comparison and discussion show that the group decision-making method is feasible and effective. It can assist the sustainable management of algal bloom.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
	author = {Yang, Y and Bai, YT and Wang, XY and Wang, L and Jin, XB and Sun, Q},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{kaklauskas_emotions_2021,
	title = {Emotions analysis in public spaces for urban planning},
	volume = {107},
	doi = {10.1016/j.lusepol.2021.105458},
	abstract = {Scientists have been attempting to apply emotions in the urban planning process with qualitative methods (surveys, interviews, questionnaires and the like) since the mid-1900s. However, at that time, there were no possibilities for applying biometric or other kinds of tracking and remote technologies to detect and recognize the emotions felt by other people. The 21st century brought forth such opportunities. Nonetheless, even currently, the remotely integrated, emotional, affective and physiological states, arousal and valence (MAPS) of individuals residing or visiting urban areas are very seldom analysed. Meanwhile stakeholder groups are unable to receive digital advice with a goal to upgrade urban areas to be more pleasant, comfortable and sustainable. In such a context, the authors of this study developed an Affective System for Researching Emotions in Public Spaces for Urban Planning (ASP System). This System has added to the body of knowledge on research in several ways. ASP can prove a helpful supplement to urban planning and public participation practice by gathering and analysing MAPS data of passersby, weather conditions, pollution and other data. This unique combination of MAPS data can assist city stakeholders in initiating effective planning solutions based on an inhabitant-centric method. Additionally ASP employs a neuro decision matrix, which assisted in deriving a comprehensive analysis of the urban areas under deliberation by MAPS parameters. This article also submits eight avenues of practical use for urban planners when employing MAPS data and the ASP Method and System. The case studies on cultural heritage sustainability confirm the accuracy of the developed ASP Method and System.},
	journal = {LAND USE POLICY},
	author = {Kaklauskas, A and Bardauskiene, D and Cerkauskiene, R and Ubarte, I and Raslanas, S and Radvile, E and Kaklauskaite, U and Kaklauskiene, L},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{karacapilidis_collaborative_1997,
	title = {Collaborative environmental planning with {GeoMed}},
	volume = {102},
	doi = {10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00113-6},
	abstract = {Environmental planning usually involves a large number of decision makers with different backgrounds and interests. Appropriate decision making procedures are needed in order to jointly consider their individual approaches and achieve collaboration, This paper discusses issues involved in Collaborative Environmental Planning and reports work on GeoMed, a group decision support system for Geographical Mediation on the World Wide Web. We first present an argumentation framework that constitutes the core of the system and supports fair, rational and efficient decision making. In the sequel, we discuss the necessary enhancements in order to deal with spatial applications, and environmental planning in particular. Finally, we give a description of GeoMed and an overview of the services provided. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH},
	author = {Karacapilidis, N and Papadias, D and Gordon, T and Voss, H},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {335--346},
}

@article{escobedo_spatial_2020,
	title = {Spatial literacy influences stakeholder's recognition and mapping of peri-urban and urban ecosystem services},
	volume = {23},
	doi = {10.1007/s11252-020-00962-y},
	abstract = {There are several spatial valuation and ecosystem service mapping studies using participatory methods in North America, Australia, Europe and Japan. But, there is much less information from urban areas in the Global South using these approaches, particularly regarding the influence of spatial literacy on such methods. Accordingly, we tested how two-dimensional (2D) maps and three-dimensional models (3DCM) influence the identification of urban and peri-urban ecosystem services by different stakeholders near forested landscapes adjacent to Bogota, Colombia. We used on-site interviews, quantitative machine-learning statistics, and qualitative methods to identify predictors and assess the ability of different stakeholders to identify: peri-urban forest ecosystem services, threats to forest ecosystems, and in locating points of interest. We found that age, residential proximity to the study sites, and education were the best predictors for estimating the number of ecosystem services. Older and non-local interviewees less than 20 years old recognized a greater number of ecosystem services. Using 2D maps to locate predesignated sites resulted in better results than when using a 3DCM; particularly with younger respondents. However, respondents were able to locate more predesignated sites with the 3DCM when they had a higher level of education. As opposed to other studies, our stakeholders more frequently identified regulating as opposed to cultural ecosystem services. Our study identified socio-demographic predictors that could be used to assess different stakeholder's abilities in recognizing different processes from landscapes as well as their difficulty in accurately locating areas of interest. Such low cost and participatory approaches can be used to design more context-relevant survey instruments for ecosystem service valuation research and assessments.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {URBAN ECOSYSTEMS},
	author = {Escobedo, FJ and Bottin, M and Cala, D and Montoya, DLS},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1039--1049},
}

@article{cai_definition_2018,
	title = {{DEFINITION}, {APPLICATION} {AND} {INFLUENCE} {OF} {ARTIFICIAL} {INTELLIGENCE} {ON} {DESIGN} {INDUSTRIES}},
	volume = {6},
	doi = {10.15302/J-LAF-20180207},
	abstract = {Artificial Intelligence significantly promotes humans' production efficiency and facilitates our daily life. Meanwhile, the climate of people's employment is also under great impact. Through a group interview with six scholars and designers from the fields of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Architecture, and Industrial Design, Landscape Architecture Frontiers attempts to provoke public attention on the challenges and opportunities (would be) brought by Artificial Intelligence by asking three questions: What is Artificial Intelligence? How would it influence designers' working process and final results? And, what lifestyles would we have in the future under the influence of Artificial Intelligence? Most interviewees agree that, though Artificial Intelligence has largely helped us lessen workload on repetitive or routine tasks, nowadays it can neither be intelligent enough to have self-consciousness or perform creative jobs, nor offer ethical solutions or value judgments, because it is operated under weighted computing which is programmed by the majority rule. However, all the interviewees believe that Artificial Intelligence will make a big change on people's future lifestyles, far beyond our imagination.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FRONTIERS},
	author = {Cai, LH and Fan, L and Lai, WB and Long, Y and Wang, P and Xin, XY},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {56--63},
}

@article{yu_environmental_2021,
	title = {Environmental planning based on reduce, reuse, recycle and recover using artificial intelligence},
	volume = {86},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejar.2020.106492},
	abstract = {Waste disposal was a significant challenge faced by the community and government. Customers buy and use goods that produce a considerable amount of waste. Waste management is a major problem since the number of consumers increased due to high waste generation. This has resulted in a huge amount of waste, which calls for enormous waste-management policies. Reduce; Reuse, Recycle, and Recover are the tools to reduce the adverse implications of retailing and manufacturing on the environment. In this paper, Artificial Intelligence based Hybridized Intelligent Framework (AIHIF) has been proposed for automated recycling to optimizing the waste management process. The system will optimize waste collection with a short distance by utilizing machine learning and graph theory. AI design technology, which helps different approaches adapted to interest groups, collecting their specific information and greatly improving environmental planning and urban management performance, accuracy, and efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed method enhances performance and accuracy when compared to other existing methods.},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW},
	author = {Yu, KH and Zhang, Y and Li, DN and Montenegro-Marin, CE and Kumar, PM},
	year = {2021},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-07-28 07:06:10)(Select): onlny collegecting information in city scale;},
}

@incollection{shin_towards_2017,
	title = {Towards a {Deep} {Learning} {Powered} {Query} {Engine} for {Urban} {Planning}},
	abstract = {Urban planning is crucial to sustainable growth. In order for the planners to make informed decisions, data from multiple sources have to he retrieved and cross-referenced efficiently. We discuss the implementation of a query engine which accepts natural language as input, using machine learning and NLP techniques namely word embed cling, CNN, rule-based system and NER to produce accurate output enriched with geographical insights to facilitate the planning process. The query engine classifies the query into one of the planning domains, as well as determines the category, location and the size of buffer. Processed results are presented on the ePlamier, which is a map service on the GIS implemented by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) of Singapore.},
	booktitle = {2017 {INTERNATIONAL} {CONFERENCE} {ON} {ASIAN} {LANGUAGE} {PROCESSING} ({IALP})},
	author = {Shin, TY and Yuan, ZH and Siong, NW and Zhang, YF and Phang, V},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: 2017 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIAN LANGUAGE PROCESSING (IALP)},
	pages = {99--102},
}

@article{zhao_adaptive_2019,
	title = {An adaptive agent-based optimization model for spatial planning: {A} case study of {Anyue} {County}, {China}},
	volume = {51},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2019.101733},
	abstract = {Spatial planning is a complex land use allocation process involving multiple land use stakeholders, and resolving potential conflicts among stakeholders presents a challenging issue. This study proposed an innovative combination of an agent-based model and heuristic methods (machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches) to address spatial planning issues. The agent-based model simulates the decision-making processes of stakeholders in land use allocation, the machine learning approach obtains the nonlinear behavioral rules of land use agents, and the artificial intelligence approach provides a flexible optimization framework that can incorporate agents' preferences into land use allocation. The integration of the agent-based model and heuristic methods enables us to adaptively explore nonlinear relationships between agent behaviors and decision-making environments and efficiently identify solutions to land use allocation in a spatially explicit way. The results show that the optimal allocation solutions obtained by the agent-based model are more applicable based on the support of the factual evidence than those obtained by the non-agent-based model. The proposed model can integrate the simulated local decision of stakeholders and global optimization of the specified objectives in land use planning, and thus provide a flexible theoretical framework to support the reform of China's spatial planning system.},
	journal = {SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY},
	author = {Zhao, X and Ma, XY and Tang, WW and Liu, DF},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{ia_eng_collaborative_2008,
	title = {Collaborative decision-making in {Multi}-{Agent} {Systems} for {GIS} application},
	abstract = {Group Decision Making (GDM) is an important human activity and it has many practical applications in society, economy, management and engineering, etc. Researchers are faced with new challenges in research on theory and methods of GDM with the rapid advent of internet and information technology. One of the challenges in collaborative work is social decision making in a computer mediated environment. Social trust models like recommender system, Bayesian trust for pervasive computing, are becoming invaluable part of distributed systems, where uncertainty prevails. In this paper we have proposed a Trust based collaborative decision making algorithm for distributed environment in which a group of agents collaborate for decision making.},
	booktitle = {{IMECS} 2008: {INTERNATIONAL} {MULTICONFERENCE} {OF} {ENGINEERS} {AND} {COMPUTER} {SCIENTISTS}, {VOLS} {I} {AND} {II}},
	author = {{IA ENG} and Indiramma, M and Anandakumar, KR},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: IMECS 2008: INTERNATIONAL MULTICONFERENCE OF ENGINEERS AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS, VOLS I AND II},
	pages = {40--+},
}

@incollection{falco_participatory_2019,
	title = {Participatory {AI}: {Reducing} {AI} {Bias} and {Developing} {Socially} {Responsible} {AI} in {Smart} {Cities}},
	abstract = {As smart cities evolve, artificial intelligence (AI) will increasingly be used to manage decisions for how cities operate. For everything from incarceration sentencing, city pension appropriation, surveillance and infrastructure management, AI will play a role. The author argues that implementing AI for a smart city should be decided similarly to how cities decide on major infrastructural planning projects. For both, there are social and ethical implications of deployment. A protocol is proposed for smart city AI so that AI can be seen as an ethical and trustworthy city asset rather than an adversary fraught with controversy and bias. This is achieved through participatory AI - the marriage of a fully transparent data architecture, such as the blockchain, and the urban planning practice of participatory planning. The diversity of opinions that participatory AI affords enables cities to facilitate socially responsible AI outcomes.},
	booktitle = {2019 {22ND} {IEEE} {INTERNATIONAL} {CONFERENCE} {ON} {COMPUTATIONAL} {SCIENCE} {AND} {ENGINEERING} ({IEEE} {CSE} 2019) {AND} {17TH} {IEEE} {INTERNATIONAL} {CONFERENCE} {ON} {EMBEDDED} {AND} {UBIQUITOUS} {COMPUTING} ({IEEE} {EUC} 2019)},
	author = {Falco, G},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1109/CSE/EUC.2019.00038},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: 2019 22ND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IEEE CSE 2019) AND 17TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EMBEDDED AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING (IEEE EUC 2019)},
	pages = {160--164},
}

@book{zhang_y_real-time_2018,
	title = {Real-time {Machine} {Learning} {Prediction} of an {Agent}-{Based} {Model} for {Urban} {Decision}-making},
	abstract = {CityMatrix is an urban decision support system that has been developed to facilitate more collaborative and evidence-based urban decision-making for experts and non-experts. Machine learning techniques have been applied to achieve real-time prediction of an agent-based model (ABM) of city traffic. The prediction with a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) is significantly faster than performing the original ABM, and has enough accuracy for decision-making. The result is a versatile, quick, accurate, and computationally efficient approach to provide real-time feedback and optimization for urban decision-making.},
	author = {{Zhang, Y} and Grignard, A and Lyons, K and Aubuchon, A and Larson, K},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTONOMOUS AGENTS AND MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS (AAMAS' 18)
Pages: 2173
Publication Title: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTONOMOUS AGENTS AND MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS (AAMAS' 18)},
}

@article{zhao_development_2018,
	title = {Development of decision support tool for optimizing urban emergency rescue facility locations to improve humanitarian logistics management},
	volume = {102},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2017.10.007},
	abstract = {Emergency rescue facility is an essential component of urban emergency logistics system, and selection of their locations is significant for urban public safety. Urban emergency rescue facility locations (UERFLs) problem is essentially a geospatial multi-objective optimization problem (Geospatial-MOP), which presents a challenge for both researchers and managers. In this study, a user-friendly decision support tool was designed and developed for facilitating the process of optimizing UERFLs in large-scale urban areas. We described the design, architecture and implementation of the tool and its core optimization component. Based on a hypothetical case study, we introduced its functionalities as well as the decision making workflow. The results provide evidences that the tool can successfully generate Pareto-optimal frontier and capture a pool of alternative solutions to the decision maker for trade-off. This work offers new insights on promoting future urban emergency logistics management with the use of GIS and emerging artificial intelligence technologies, and makes contributions in integrating multi-objective optimization algorithm with GIS for solving geospatial multi-objective optimization problem.},
	journal = {SAFETY SCIENCE},
	author = {Zhao, M and Liu, X},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {110--117},
}

@article{lock_towards_2021,
	title = {Towards the collaborative development of machine learning techniques in planning support systems - a {Sydney} example},
	volume = {48},
	doi = {10.1177/2399808320939974},
	abstract = {The rise of the term 'big data' has contributed to recent advances in computational analysis techniques, such as machine learning and more broadly, artificial intelligence, which can extract patterns from large, multi-dimensional datasets. In the field of urban planning, it is pertinent to understand both how such techniques can advance our understanding of cities, and how they can be embedded within transparent and effective digital planning tools, known as planning support systems. This research specifically focuses on two related contributions. First, it investigates the role of planning support systems in supporting a participatory data analytics approach through an iterative process of developing and evaluating a planning support system environment. Second, it investigates how specifically machine learning planning support systems can be co-designed by built environment practitioners and stakeholders in this environment to solve a real planning issue in Sydney, Australia. This paper presents the results of applied research undertaken through the design and implementation of four workshops, involving 57 participants who were involved in a co-design process. The research follows a mixed-methods approach, studying a wide array of measures related to participatory analytics, task load, perceived added value, recordings and observations. The results highlight recommendations regarding the design and evaluation of planning support system environments for co-design and their coupling with machine learning techniques. It was found that consistency and transparency are highly valued and central to the design of a planning support system in this context. General attitudes towards machine learning and artificial intelligence as techniques for planners and developers were positive, as they were seen as both potentially transformative but also as simply another technique to assist with workflows. Some conceptual challenges were encountered driven by practitioners' simultaneous need for concrete scenarios for accurate predictions, paired with a desire for predictions to drive the development of these scenarios. Insights from this work can inform future planning support system evaluation and co-design studies, in particular those aiming to support democracy enhancement, greater inclusion and more efficient resource allocation through a participatory analytics approach.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS AND CITY SCIENCE},
	author = {Lock, O and Bain, M and Pettit, C},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {484--502},
}

@article{quan_artificial_2019,
	title = {Artificial intelligence-aided design: {Smart} {Design} for sustainable city development},
	volume = {46},
	doi = {10.1177/2399808319867946},
	abstract = {Current planning and design decision support systems show limitations in the integration of design, science, and computation. Planning support systems with manual design and post-design evaluations impose major challenges in exploring huge design spaces. Generative design systems largely neglect the wicked nature of design problems and lack appropriate representation methods and simulation tools at the urban scale. To tackle those challenges, this research developed a Smart Design framework featuring urban design decision-making reinforced by artificial intelligence-aided design (AIAD). The Smart Design framework treats urban design as an emergent pattern formation processes with contextualized and dynamic objectives. The framework integrates design thinking, advanced artificial intelligence search techniques (e.g. genetic algorithms), urban scale performance simulations, and participation to better inform decision-making. Through four major stages, the framework combines the ideas of Science for Design and Design in Science. The significance and potential of the Smart Design framework are demonstrated in an urban design study of Gangnam superblocks in Seoul, South Korea. The study explores sustainable urban forms in the high-density, super-complex, and hyper-consumptive environment of Gangnam, which can also be found in many other Asian contexts. The case study illustrates how the framework identifies design solutions for sustainable city development in the process of participatory decision-making through the co-evolution of design problems and solutions.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS AND CITY SCIENCE},
	author = {Quan, SJ and Park, J and Economou, A and Lee, S},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1581--1599},
}

@article{jankovic_discrepancies_2011,
	title = {Discrepancies and {Analogies} in {Artificial} {Intelligence} and engineering {Design} {Approaches} in {Addressing} {Collaborative} {Decision}-{Making}},
	volume = {3},
	doi = {10.4018/jdsst.2011040101},
	abstract = {One of the trends in the decision-making field in the past 20 years has been the migration from individual decision-making to collective one. Several changes of working conditions influenced this trend: geographical dispersion due to the business internationalisation, concurrent work in order to satisfy time delays, facilitation of the information sharing induced by the development of local area networks (LAN), and internet. This study examines the discrepancies and analogies in addressing the collaborative decision making in two scientific fields: artificial intelligence and engineering design. These two fields have different considerations and approaches in view to the decision-making support. This paper exposes a comparative study concerning two research studies, both decision support oriented: the first one concerns the collaborative decision-making in early design stages in vehicle development projects (Jankovic, Bocquet, Stal Le Cardinal, \& Bavoux, 2006) and the second one concerns the development of an architecture of a Cooperative decision Support Systems (CDSS) (Zarat, 2005).},
	number = {2},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY},
	author = {Jankovic, M and Zarate, P},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1--14},
}

@article{bin_zaini_virtual_2017,
	title = {Virtual {Reality} for {Architectural} or {Territorial} {Representations}: {Usability} {Perceptions}},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.11113/ijbes.v4.n2.185},
	abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) is widely being researched within various aspects of real-world applications. As architecture and urban design are very much adhered to evaluating and designing space, physical representations are deemed as incompetent to deliver a full-scale depiction of a space. Similarly, digital models are very much also limited in that sense. VR can deliver a full-scale virtual environment (VE), tricking users to be immersed in the replicated environment. This is an advantage for the aforementioned design disciplines, as more relatable and realistic depiction of a space can be modelled. The notion of its usability has become important to be understood from the perspective of architecture and urban design. This paper measured the respondents' perceptions of VR's usability through measuring its quality of use based on several criteria. The criteria established were the ease of use, usefulness, and satisfaction. Different levels of architectural details were decided as a form of control. A total of N=96 randomly selected respondents from various backgrounds participated in the survey as they were divided into four different group of treatments. Each group experienced a different VE with different level of architectural details. The first section of analysis is a one-sample analysis and the second is a group difference analysis. From the first analysis, it was found that the respondents perceived VR as a usable tool for architectural or territorial representation. Using Kruskal-Wallis test, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between groups, suggesting that the respondents perceived VR as usable regardless of the level of architectural details. As this paper used perception data based on the quality of use alone, the efficiency of VR system was not measured. Thus, this paper recommends further studies to be conducted on the system's efficiency to reflect its usability in full extent.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY},
	author = {bin Zaini, AI and bin Embi, MR},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {131--138},
}

@article{heap_real-time_2015,
	title = {Real-{Time} {Visualization} of {Finite} {Element} {Models} {Using} {Surrogate} {Modeling} {Methods}},
	volume = {15},
	doi = {10.1115/1.4029217},
	abstract = {Parametric finite element analysis (FEA) models are commonly used in iterative design processes to obtain an optimum model given a set of loads, constraints, objectives, and design parameters to vary. In some instances, it is desirable for a designer to obtain some intuition about how changes in design parameters can affect the FEA solution of interest, before simply sending the model through the optimization loop. For example, designers who wish to explore the design space and understand how each variable changes the output in a visual way, looking at the whole model and not just numbers or a response surface of a single FEA node. This could be accomplished by running the FEA on the parametric model for a set of part family members, but this can be very time consuming and only gives snapshots of the model's real behavior. This paper presents a method of visualizing the FEA solution of the parametric model as design parameters are changed in real-time by approximating the FEA solution using parametric FEA modeling, surrogate modeling methods, and visualization methods. The implementation develops a parametric FEA mode that includes mesh morphing algorithms that allow the mesh to change parametrically along with the model geometry. This allows the surrogate models assigned to each individual node to use the nodal solution of multiple finite element analyses as regression points to approximate the FEA solution. The surrogate models can then be mapped to their respective geometric locations in real-time. The results of the FEA calculations are updated in real-time as the parameters of the design model change allowing real-time visualization.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING},
	author = {Heap, RC and Hepworth, AI and Jensen, CG},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-07-30 00:22:21)(Select): surrogate models would also be helpful in determining whether the evaluation time differs between techniques;},
}

@article{fazey_transforming_2020,
	title = {Transforming knowledge systems for life on {Earth}: {Visions} of future systems and how to get there},
	volume = {70},
	doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101724},
	abstract = {Formalised knowledge systems, including universities and research institutes, are important for contemporary societies. They are, however, also arguably failing humanity when their impact is measured against the level of progress being made in stimulating the societal changes needed to address challenges like climate change. In this research we used a novel futures-oriented and participatory approach that asked what future envisioned knowledge systems might need to look like and how we might get there. Findings suggest that envisioned future systems will need to be much more collaborative, open, diverse, egalitarian, and able to work with values and systemic issues. They will also need to go beyond producing knowledge about our world to generating wisdom about how to act within it. To get to envisioned systems we will need to rapidly scale methodological innovations, connect innovators, and creatively accelerate learning about working with intractable challenges. We will also need to create new funding schemes, a global knowledge commons, and challenge deeply held assumptions. To genuinely be a creative force in supporting longevity of human and non-human life on our planet, the shift in knowledge systems will probably need to be at the scale of the enlightenment and speed of the scientific and technological revolution accompanying the second World War. This will require bold and strategic action from governments, scientists, civic society and sustained transformational intent.},
	journal = {ENERGY RESEARCH \& SOCIAL SCIENCE},
	author = {Fazey, I and Schapke, N and Caniglia, G and Hodgson, A and Kendrick, I and Lyon, C and Page, G and Patterson, J and Riedy, C and Strasser, T and Verveen, S and Adams, D and Goldstein, B and Klaes, M and Leicester, G and Linyard, A and McCurdy, A and Ryan, P and Sharpe, B and Silvestri, G and Abdurrahim, AY and Abson, D and Adetunji, OS and Aldunce, P and Alvarez-Pereira, C and Amparo, JM and Amundsen, H and Anderson, L and Andersson, L and Asquith, M and Augenstein, K and Barrie, J and Bent, D and Bentz, J and Bergsten, A and Berzonsky, C and Bina, O and Blackstock, K and Boehnert, J and Bradbury, H and Brand, C and Bohme, J and Bojer, MM and Carmen, E and Charli-Joseph, L and Choudhury, S and Chunhachoti-ananta, S and Cockburn, J and Colvin, J and Connon, ILC and Cornforth, R and Cox, RS and Cradock-Henry, N and Cramer, L and Cremaschi, A and Dannevig, H and Day, CT and Hutchison, CD and de Vrieze, A and Desai, V and Dolley, J and Duckett, D and Durrant, RA and Egermann, M and Emily, A and Fremantle, C and Fullwood-Thomas, J and Galafassi, D and Gobby, J and Golland, A and Gonzalez-Padron, SK and Gram-Hanssen, I and Grandin, J and Grenni, S and Gunnell, JL and Gusmao, F and Hamann, M and Harding, B and Harper, G and Hesselgren, M and Hestad, D and Heykoop, CA and Holmen, J and Holstead, K and Hoolohan, C and Horcea-Milcu, AI and Horlings, LG and Howden, SM and Howell, RA and Huque, SI and Canedo, MLI and Iro, CY and Ives, CD and John, B and Joshi, R and Juarez-Bourke, S and Juma, DW and Karlsen, BC and Kliem, L and Klay, A and Kuenkel, P and Kunze, I and Lam, DPM and Lang, DJ and Larkin, A and Light, A and Luederitz, C and Luthe, T and Maguire, C and Mahecha-Groot, AM and Malcolm, J and Marshall, F and Maru, Y and McLachlan, C and Mmbando, P and Mohapatra, S and Moore, ML and Moriggi, A and Morley-Fletcher, M and Moser, S and Mueller, KM and Mukute, M and Muhlemeier, S and Naess, LO and Nieto-Romero, M and Novo, P and O'Brien, K and O'Connell, DA and O'Donnell, K and Olsson, P and Pearson, KR and Pereira, L and Petridis, P and Peukert, D and Phear, N and Pisters, SR and Polsky, M and Pound, D and Preiser, R and Rahman, MS and Reed, MS and Revell, P and Rodriguez, I and Rogers, BC and Rohr, J and Rosenberg, MN and Ross, H and Russell, S and Ryan, M and Saha, P and Schleicher, K and Schneider, F and Scoville-Simonds, M and Searle, B and Sebhatu, SP and Sesana, E and Silverman, H and Singh, C and Sterling, E and Stewart, SJ and Tabara, JD and Taylor, D and Thornton, P and Tribaldos, TM and Tschakert, P and Uribe-Calvo, N and Waddell, S and Waddock, S and van der Merwe, L and van Mierlo, B and van Zwanenberg, P and Velarde, SJ and Washbourne, CL and Waylen, K and Weiser, A and Wight, I and Williams, S and Woods, M and Wolstenholme, R and Wright, N and Wunder, S and Wyllie, A and Young, HR},
	year = {2020},
}

@incollection{yuizono_gungen-go_2003,
	title = {{GUNGEN}-{GO}: {Real}-time groupware development environment for a hypermedia system},
	volume = {2774},
	abstract = {A real-time groupware development environment for a hypermedia, system called 'GUNGEN-GO' has been developed. The GUNGEN-GO extends three functions over HyperCard that is one of hypermedia systems. These functions are group connection function to realize varieties of participants' network, group communication function to support multi-user event with flexible data formats and multimedia communication function with video and voice. This environment has been applied to five groupware system building and realizes real-time collaboration system and virtual laboratory system, which supports awareness functions to support shared consciousness, between remote sites.},
	booktitle = {{KNOWLEDGE}-{BASED} {INTELLIGENT} {INFORMATION} {AND} {ENGINEERING} {SYSTEMS}, {PT} 2, {PROCEEDINGS}},
	author = {Yuizono, T and Yoshino, T and Munemori, J},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTELLIGENT INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS},
	pages = {779--785},
}

@article{saadun_socio-ecological_2018,
	title = {Socio-ecological perspectives of engaging smallholders in environmental friendly palm oil certification schemes},
	volume = {72},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.057},
	abstract = {The majority of smallholders in palm oil producing countries are not involved in palm oil certification schemes. The schemes are jointly developed by environmental NGOs, government agencies, and plantation companies without the input of smallholders. The inclusion of smallholders into palm oil certification schemes is necessary as they constitute 40\% of land use coverage for global palm oil cultivation. This paper argues for the need to understand the smallholders' socio-ecological perspectives to design a realistic and acceptable scheme. Three hundred independent and managed smallholders in Peninsular Malaysia were interviewed to collect information on the groups' knowledge, perception, expectation and willingness to participate in the certification scheme. The study showed that the smallholder groups (more than 90\% of the respondents) were keen to participate in the certification scheme if there is a premium pricing for oil palm yield and the certification cost is affordable. The study also indicated that smallholders need to be educated on biodiversity conservation and provided with financial and technical incentives to boost smallholders' participation. The paper concludes that understanding the socio-ecological background of smallholders is instrumental to designing a holistic certification scheme that will successfully conserve biodiversity in the agricultural production landscape without neglecting the plight of smallholders.},
	journal = {LAND USE POLICY},
	author = {Saadun, N and Lim, EAL and Esa, SM and Ngu, F and Awang, F and Gimin, A and Johari, IH and Firdaus, MA and Wagimin, NI and Azhar, B},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {333--340},
}

@article{walisadeera_user_2015,
	title = {User centered ontology for {Sri} {Lankan} farmers},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.07.008},
	abstract = {Farmers in Sri Lanka are badly affected by not being able to get vital information required to support their farming activities in a timely manner. Some of the required information can be found in government websites, agriculture department leaflets, and through radio and television programs on agriculture. This knowledge is not reaching the farmers due to its unstructured, incomplete, varied formats, and lack of targeted delivery methods. Thus finding the right information within the context in which information is required in a timely manner is a challenge. The information and knowledge needs to be provided not only in a structured and complete way, but also in a context-specific manner. For instance, farmers need agricultural information within the context of location of their farm land, their economic condition, their interest and beliefs, and available agricultural equipment. To investigate some of the underlying farmer centric research challenges an International Collaborative Research Project to develop mobile based information systems for people in developing countries has been launched. Farmer centered ontology was developed as part of this project. Agricultural information has strong local characteristics in relation to climate, culture, history, languages, and local plant varieties. These local characteristics as well as the need to provide information in a context-specific manner made us develop this user centered ontology for Sri Lankan farmers. Because of the complex nature of the relationships among various concepts we selected an ontological approach that supports description logic to create the knowledge repository. For this we developed a new approach to model the domain knowledge to meet particular access requirements of the farmers in Sri Lanka. Through this approach, we have investigated how to create a knowledge repository of agricultural information to respond to user queries taking into account the context in which information is needed by farmers at various stages of the farming life cycle. The Delphi Method and the OOPS I (web-based tool) were used to validate the ontology. Initial system was trialed with a group of farmers in Sri Lanka. The online knowledge base with a SPARQL endpoint was created to share and reuse the domain knowledge that can be queried based on farmer context. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS},
	author = {Walisadeera, AI and Ginige, A and Wikramanayake, GN},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {140--150},
}

@article{herrera-viedma_review_2010,
	title = {A {Review} on {Information} {Accessing} {Systems} {Based} on {Fuzzy} {Linguistic} {Modelling}},
	volume = {3},
	abstract = {This paper presents a survey of some fuzzy linguistic information access systems. The review shows information retrieval systems, filtering systems, recommender systems, and web quality evaluation tools, which are based on tools of fuzzy linguistic modelling. The fuzzy linguistic modelling allows us to represent and manage the subjectivity, vagueness and imprecision that is intrinsic and characteristic of the processes of information searching, and, in such a way, the developed systems allow users the access to quality information in a flexible and user-adapted way.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS},
	author = {Herrera-Viedma, E and Lopez-Herrera, AG},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {420--437},
}

@article{lee_xr_2021,
	title = {{XR} collaboration beyond virtual reality: work in the real world},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.1093/jcde/qwab012},
	abstract = {Collaborating in a physically remote location saves time and money. Many remote collaboration systems have been studied and commercialized. Their capabilities have been confined to virtual objects and information. More recent studies have focused on collaborating in a physical environment and with physical objects. However, they have limitations including shaky and unstable views (scenes), view dependence, low scalability, and poor content expression. In this paper, we propose a web-based extended reality (XR) collaboration system that alleviates the aforementioned issues and enables effective, reproducible cooperation. Our proposed system comprises three parts: interaction device webization, which expands the web browser's device interfaces; unified XR representation, which describes content interoperable in both virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR); and unified coordinate creation, which enables presenting physical objects' pose in world coordinates. With this system, a user in VR can intuitively instruct the manipulation of a physical object by manipulating a virtual object representative of the physical object. Conversely, a user in AR can catch up with the instruction by observing the augmented virtual object on the physical object. Moreover, as the pose of the physical object at the AR user's worksite is reflected in the virtual object, the VR user can recognize the working progress and give feedback to the AR user. To improve remote collaboration, we surveyed XR collaboration studies and proposed a new method for classifying XR collaborative applications based on the virtual-real engagement and ubiquitous computing continuum. We implemented a prototype and conducted a survey among submarine crews, most of whom were positively inclined to use our system, to convey that the system would be helpful in improving their job performance. Furthermore, we suggested possible improvements to it to enhance each participant's understanding of the other user's context within the XR collaboration.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING},
	author = {Lee, Y and Yoo, B},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {756--772},
}

@article{santos_biased_2021,
	title = {Biased perceptions explain collective action deadlocks and suggest new mechanisms to prompt cooperation},
	volume = {24},
	doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2021.102375},
	abstract = {When individuals face collective action problems, their expectations about others' willingness to contribute affect their motivation to cooperate. Individuals, however, often misperceive the cooperation levels in a population. In the context of climate action, people underestimate the pro-climate positions of others. Designing incentives to enable cooperation and a sustainable future must thereby consider how social perception biases affect collective action. We propose a theoretical model and investigate the effect of social perception bias in non-linear public goods games. We show that different types of bias play a distinct role in cooperation dynamics. False uniqueness (underestimating own views) and false consensus ( overestimating own views) both explain why communities get locked in suboptimal states. Such dynamics also impact the effectiveness of typical monetary incentives, such as fees. Our work contributes to understanding how targeting biases, e.g., by changing the information available to individuals, can comprise a fundamental mechanism to prompt collective action.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {ISCIENCE},
	author = {Santos, FP and Levin, SA and Vasconcelos, VV},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{stamatiadou_semantic_2021,
	title = {Semantic {Crowdsourcing} of {Soundscapes} {Heritage}: {A} {Mojo} {Model} for {Data}-{Driven} {Storytelling}},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.3390/su13052714},
	abstract = {The current paper focuses on the development of an enhanced Mobile Journalism (MoJo) model for soundscape heritage crowdsourcing, data-driven storytelling, and management in the era of big data and the semantic web. Soundscapes and environmental sound semantics have a great impact on cultural heritage, also affecting the quality of human life, from multiple perspectives. In this view, context- and location-aware mobile services can be combined with state-of-the-art machine and deep learning approaches to offer multilevel semantic analysis monitoring of sound-related heritage. The targeted utilities can offer new insights toward sustainable growth of both urban and rural areas. Much emphasis is also put on the multimodal preservation and auralization of special soundscape areas and open ancient theaters with remarkable acoustic behavior, representing important cultural artifacts. For this purpose, a pervasive computing architecture is deployed and investigated, utilizing both client- and cloud-wise semantic analysis services, to implement and evaluate the envisioned MoJo methodology. Elaborating on previous/baseline MoJo tools, research hypotheses and questions are stated and put to test as part of the human-centered application design and development process. In this setting, primary algorithmic backend services on sound semantics are implemented and thoroughly validated, providing a convincing proof of concept of the proposed model.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
	author = {Stamatiadou, ME and Thoidis, I and Vryzas, N and Vrysis, L and Dimoulas, C},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{noland_attitudes_2017,
	title = {Attitudes towards transit-oriented development: {Resident} experiences and professional perspectives},
	volume = {60},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.02.015},
	abstract = {Transit-oriented development (TOD) provides highly efficient access to transit facilities and, when implemented in concert with streetscape changes, improves neighborhood walkability. In some regions, TOD has generated controversy, seen as impinging on the local populations' preferences for single-family housing, as well as the desire of developers to build that category of housing. In New Jersey, however, there has been increased policy support for TOD. The question addressed here is how, if at all, TOD and TOD-proximate residents' perceptions of the benefits and shortcomings of TOD are perceived and addressed by professionals involved with TOD planning and development A qualitative research approach was used, with focus groups with residents and structured interviews with professionals. A relatively well-fitting correspondence was found: There was broad agreement by residents and professionals on the value of transit and TOD for increased accessibility and walkability. Problems were identified with retail development and traffic problems; the latter expressed as a congestion problem by professionals but as a pedestrian safety problem by residents. This information provides useful insight for planners and developers seeking to deliver TOD designs that match the preferences of residents and potential residents, and for new avenues of research on how best to achieve this. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY},
	author = {Noland, RB and Weiner, MD and DiPetrillo, S and Kay, AI},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {130--140},
}

@article{kenter_loving_2019,
	title = {Loving the mess: navigating diversity and conflict in social values for sustainability},
	volume = {14},
	doi = {10.1007/s11625-019-00726-4},
	abstract = {This paper concludes a special feature of Sustainability Science that explores a broad range of social value theoretical traditions, such as religious studies, social psychology, indigenous knowledge, economics, sociology, and philosophy. We introduce a novel transdisciplinary conceptual framework that revolves around concepts of 'lenses' and 'tensions' to help navigate value diversity. First, we consider the notion of lenses: perspectives on value and valuation along diverse dimensions that describe what values focus on, how their sociality is envisioned, and what epistemic and procedural assumptions are made. We characterise fourteen of such dimensions. This provides a foundation for exploration of seven areas of tension, between: (1) the values of individuals vs collectives; (2) values as discrete and held vs embedded and constructed; (3) value as static or changeable; (4) valuation as descriptive vs normative and transformative; (5) social vs relational values; (6) different rationalities and their relation to value integration; (7) degrees of acknowledgment of the role of power in navigating value conflicts. In doing so, we embrace the 'mess' of diversity, yet also provide a framework to organise this mess and support and encourage active transdisciplinary collaboration. We identify key research areas where such collaborations can be harnessed for sustainability transformation. Here it is crucial to understand how certain social value lenses are privileged over others and build capacity in decision-making for understanding and drawing on multiple value, epistemic and procedural lenses.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE},
	author = {Kenter, JO and Raymond, CM and van Riper, CJ and Azzopardi, E and Brear, MR and Calcagni, F and Christie, I and Christie, M and Fordham, A and Gould, RK and Ives, CD and Hejnowicz, AP and Gunton, R and Horcea-Milcu, AI and Kendal, D and Kronenberg, J and Massenberg, JR and O'Connor, S and Ravenscroft, N and Rawluk, A and Raymond, IJ and Rodriguez-Morales, J and Thankappan, S},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1439--1461},
}

@article{vijulie_economic_2019,
	title = {Economic {Productivity} vs. {Ecological} {Protection} in {Danube} {Floodplain}. {Case} {Study}: {Danube}'s {Sector} between {Olt} and {Vedea}},
	volume = {11},
	doi = {10.3390/su11226391},
	abstract = {For a long time, wetlands were perceived as non-productive areas and were drained in an attempt to increase Romania's agricultural surface, without acknowledging their ecological functions. This paper aims to identify possible ecological restoration models for the Danube floodplain according to the principles of sustainable development and the needs of the population living and working here. The research methodology included direct field observation, GIS techniques, and the survey method. The analysis proved the need for achieving the ecological restoration of this area while ensuring a harmonious relationship between nature and economic activities. After evaluating the views of local decision-making actors, different groups of stakeholders with divergent opinions emerged. While owners of agricultural holdings and agriculture experts pleaded for maintaining the status quo, NGOs voted for complete ecological restoration, and landowners with small farms, local authorities' representatives, and environmental experts argued for partial ecological restoration. The study emphasises that the ecological restoration of the Danube floodplain is necessary but only possible through a consensus between the existing stakeholders and done based on the principles of sustainable development (conserving its biodiversity, protection against floods, economic activities).},
	number = {22},
	journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
	author = {Vijulie, I and Preda, M and Lequeux-Dinca, AI and Cuculici, R and Matei, E and Mareci, A and Manea, G and Tudoricu, A},
	year = {2019},
}

@article{villarroel_local_2014,
	title = {Local {Management} of {Andean} {Wetlands} in {Sajama} {National} {Park}, {Bolivia}},
	volume = {34},
	doi = {10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-14-00024.1},
	abstract = {Andean wetlands or bofedales are commonly used by indigenous communities for livestock production. Decisions regarding management of bofedales involve the active participation of local people and their social institutions. Consequently, any action addressing emerging challenges must be implemented in coordination and agreement with local actors. This decision process requires an understanding of the local socioeconomic and cultural dynamics, especially those related to land and natural resource management. In many Andean communities, the ayllu is the institution that governs decisions on regional land use. However, in the face of increasing challenges such as climate change and population growth, use of the ayllu has declined in favor of individual decision-making. Here we discuss how the Andean camelid herders of Sajama National Park in highland Bolivia rely on both the ayllu and family-level decision-making to manage their pastoralist landscapes, including their bofedales. Using a rights mapping methodology, we describe how water and wetlands are managed, and determine which decisions are taken at the community level and which are made at the family level. We conclude that indigenous collective organization networks are still significant for managing the system at a regional scale and possibly determinant for mitigating risks associated with climate change on sensitive ecosystems such as bofedales.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT},
	author = {Villarroel, EK and Mollinedo, PLP and Domic, AI and Capriles, JM and Espinoza, C},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {356--368},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-08-09 13:05:57)(Select): (Republic of Bolivia;},
}

@article{elshall_groundwater_2020,
	title = {Groundwater sustainability: a review of the interactions between science and policy},
	volume = {15},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab8e8c},
	abstract = {Concerns over groundwater depletion and ecosystem degradation have led to the incorporation of the concept of groundwater sustainability as a groundwater policy instrument in several water codes and management directives worldwide. Because sustainable groundwater management is embedded within integrated, co-evolving hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic systems, implementing such policies remains a challenge for water managers and the scientific community. The problem is further exacerbated when participatory processes are lacking, resulting in a communication gap among water authorities, scientists, and the broader community. This paper provides a systematic review of the concept of groundwater sustainability, and situates this concept within the calls from the hydrologic literature for more participatory and integrated approaches to water security. We discuss the definition of groundwater sustainability from both a policy and scientific perspective, tracing the evolution of this concept from safe yield, to sustainable groundwater management. We focus on the diversity of societal values related to groundwater sustainability, and the typology of the aquifer performance and governance factors. In addition, we systematically review the main components of an effective scientific evaluation of groundwater sustainability policy, which are multi-process modeling, uncertainty analysis, and participation. We conclude that effective groundwater sustainability policy implementation requires an iterative scientific evaluation that (i) engages stakeholders in a participatory process through collaborative modeling and social learning; (ii) provides improved understanding of the coevolving scenarios between surface water-groundwater systems, ecosystems, and human activities; and (iii) acknowledges and addresses uncertainty in our scientific knowledge and the diversity of societal preferences using multi-model uncertainty analysis and adaptive management. Although the development of such a transdisciplinary research approach, which connects policy, science, and practice for groundwater sustainability evaluation, is still in its infancy worldwide, we find that research towards groundwater sustainability is growing at a much faster rate than groundwater research as a whole.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS},
	author = {Elshall, AS and Arik, AD and El-Kadi, AI and Pierce, S and Ye, M and Burnett, KM and Wada, CA and Bremer, LL and Chun, G},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{lim-wavde_household_2017,
	title = {Household informedness and policy analytics for the collection and recycling of household hazardous waste in {California}},
	volume = {120},
	doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.10.007},
	abstract = {Collection and recycling of household hazardous waste (HHW) can vary due to differences in household incomes, demographics, material recyclability, and HHW collection programs. We evaluate the role of household informedness, the degree to which households have the necessary information to make utility maximizing decisions about the handling of their waste. Household informedness seems to be influenced by HHW public education and environmental quality information. We assess the effects of household informedness on HHW collection and recycling using panel data, community surveys, drinking water compliance reports, and census data in California from 2004 to 2012. The results enable the calculation of the responsiveness or elasticity of the output quantities of HHW collected and recycled for differences in household informedness at the county level. There are three main findings: (1) provision of HHW public education has a positive effect on the amount of HHW collected and recycled, but may have a negative effect on HHW collected in some circumstances; (2) environmental quality information about contaminant violations in drinking water has a negative association with the amount of HHW collected; and (3) when information is sent directly via mail to households, an increase in the number of contaminant level (MCL) violations is positively related to the amount of HHW collected. Understanding how these effects work in California can help waste management policy-makers and practitioners in other locations to plan appropriate information policies and programs to maximize household participation in HHW collection and recycling based on household informedness and demographic characteristics. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.},
	journal = {RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING},
	author = {Lim-Wavde, K and Kauffman, RJ and Dawson, GS},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {88--107},
}

@article{aiken_dams_2015,
	title = {{DAMS} {AND} {INDIGENOUS} {PEOPLES} {IN} {MALAYSIA}: {DEVELOPMENT}, {DISPLACEMENT} {AND} {RESETTLEMENT}},
	volume = {97},
	doi = {10.1111/geob.12066},
	abstract = {Large dams have proliferated in Malaysia in recent decades. Constructed mainly to meet mounting domestic demand for water and energy, they have destroyed large tracts of species-rich tropical rain forest and displaced many already poor and marginalized indigenous groups from their homes and ancestral lands without their consent. Evicted indigenes were promised a better life in resettlement villages, but for the most part this has not occurred. Invariably traumatized by resettlement and widely forced into cash-based economies for which they were ill prepared, many resettled indigenes suffered from frayed social relationships, high rates of unemployment and enduring poverty, in large part because the authorities failed to internalize project costs. The consequences for indigenous groups of dam-induced environmental change and development-forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR) are explored through a critical reading of the literature on four large dams: Sungai Selangor, Babagon, Batang Ai and Bakun. More large dams are under construction and many others have been proposed, resulting in threats to the future well-being of many indigenous communities. Generally speaking, the experiences of Malaysia's dam-affected indigenes mirror those of other indigenous minorities in the greater Southeast Asian region.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B-HUMAN GEOGRAPHY},
	author = {Aiken, SR and Leigh, CH},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {69--93},
}

@article{benzer_effect_2019,
	title = {{THE} {EFFECT} {OF} {COMPUTER}-{AIDED} {3D} {MODELING} {ACTIVITIES} {ON} {PRE}-{SERVICE} {TEACHERS}' {SPATIAL} {ABILITIES} {AND} {ATTITUDES} {TOWARDS} {3D} {MODELING}},
	volume = {18},
	doi = {10.33225/jbse/19.18.335},
	abstract = {The computer-aided 3D modelling which is one of the innovative technologies can offer great opportunities to improve students' skills. The aim of this research was to examine the effects of computer-aided 3D modeling activities on pre-service teachers' spatial abilities and attitudes towards 3D modeling and the relevant course. The study group of the research was composed of 55 pre-service IT teachers at a state university in Turkey. The research was carried out in quasi-experimental design based on pre-post test model. The experimental research was carried out with the experimental group for 14 weeks. During the 3D modeling learning/teaching process, a five-stage education framework based on problem-based and project-based learning approaches was used. "Purdue Visualization of Rotations Test" and 'Attitude Scale towards 3D Modeling and 3D Modeling Course" were used as data collection tools in the research. As a result, it was found out that computer-aided 3D modeling activities improved the spatial abilities of pre-service teachers also increased their attitudes towards 3D modeling and the course. It was concluded that the education of computer-aided three-dimensional modeling offers important opportunities to improve spatial abilities.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF BALTIC SCIENCE EDUCATION},
	author = {Benzer, AI and Yildiz, B},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {335--348},
}

@article{do_thinking_2001,
	title = {Thinking with diagrams in architectural design},
	volume = {15},
	doi = {10.1023/A:1006661524497},
	abstract = {The paper discusses the use of freehand diagrams in architectural design. It examines the roles of diagrams in various contexts: pedagogical books, design studies, designers' introspective accounts and empirical studies of drawing in design. It offers several examples of thinking with diagrams in design and concludes with a discussion of the requirements for computational support for the diagrams in design thinking.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REVIEW},
	author = {Do, EYL and Gross, MD},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {135--149},
}

@article{parrott_decision_2011,
	title = {A decision support system to assist the sustainable management of navigation activities in the {St}. {Lawrence} {River} {Estuary}, {Canada}},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.08.009},
	abstract = {We describe a decision support system that has been developed to inform management and planning in a portion of the St. Lawrence Estuary in Canada (covering the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park and the proposed St. Lawrence Estuary Marine Protected Area). The system is composed of a spatiotemporal, georeferenced database, a simulator (3MTSim) that reproduces the spatiotemporal movement of marine mammals and maritime traffic in the estuary, and data post-processing tools that can be used to analyse the output of 3MTSim. 3MTSim allows users to test different management scenarios for maritime traffic (e.g., area closures, speed limits, regulations concerning the observation of marine mammals) in order to assess their effects on navigational patterns which may influence marine mammal exposure to vessels. 3MTSim includes an individual-based model of marine mammal movement patterns that has been elaborated based on existing telemetry data on fin, blue, and beluga whales as well as on land-based theodolite tracking of humpback and minke whales. Observations recorded aboard research and whale-watching vessels have provided the spatial data necessary to estimate species' abundances and distribution maps that are used to initialise the whale model. Different types of vessels, including cargo ships and commercial whale-watching boats are also modelled individually, using an agent-based approach. The boat model represents the decision-making process of boat captains as a function of environmental conditions, the contextual setting, and their respective goals. An extensive database of real-time tracking data available for the different types of vessels, coupled with observations and interviews, has served in the elaboration of the boat model. In this paper, an overview of the entire system is presented and its effectiveness as a decision support tool is demonstrated via the results from a sample of scenario-based simulations. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {12},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING \& SOFTWARE},
	author = {Parrott, L and Chion, C and Martins, CCA and Lamontagne, P and Turgeon, S and Landry, JA and Zhens, B and Marceau, DJ and Michaud, R and Cantin, G and Menard, N and Dionne, S},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1403--1418},
}

@article{cooke_digital_2017,
	title = {'{Digital} tech' and the public sector: what new role after public funding?},
	volume = {25},
	doi = {10.1080/09654313.2017.1282067},
	abstract = {Innovation scholars have long recognized entrepreneurship is imitative', whereas the commercialization of novelty is innovative'. Thus they are highly distinctive skill-sets. Entrepreneurship, first, involves optimizing market sentiment for pure profit sometimes to the point of catastrophe and even fraudulence in many markets. These include: payment protection insurance (PPI) to flash crashes', automotive emission defeat devices', corporate bribery settlements, social media hacking', fake news' and a litany of other infractions and catastrophes. Innovation, by contrast, is more explorative and team-reliant. Even if patenting betrays the hope for commercialization on markets, patented innovation frequently fails. Some academic innovators even profess a preference for prizes over profits. Second, this means that collective bonding' among entrepreneurs, in the form of claimed entrepreneurial ecosystems', is often based on a single customer platform or as a supplier of a highly specialist type of imitative' service from identikit pizza chains to me-too' smartphone apps. Through the latter, fused with artificial intelligence some interactive machine-learning services have long-existed as postsocial' algorithms serving customers of, for example, investment banks in stock and currency markets. Finally, entrepreneurship is fundamentally competitive, individualistic and non-solidaristic, whereas open innovation' was born from the practices of open science' and the collegiate tradition of research. Accordingly, entrepreneurial ecosystems' can display more closure than RIS set-ups. This special issue explores aspects of these ecosystem platforms and their implications for emergent forms of urban and regional evolution in the near and nearly present future.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {EUROPEAN PLANNING STUDIES},
	author = {Cooke, P},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {739--754},
}

@article{rodriguez-soto_joint_2017,
	title = {Joint ecological, geographical and cultural approach to identify territories of opportunity for large vertebrates conservation in {Mexico}},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-017-1335-7},
	abstract = {The objective of the present paper is to provide a holistic framework to delineate "territories of opportunity" where agrarian communities can manage areas to enhance the conservation of large vertebrates. The study was conducted Mexico, which is sociologically, culturally and ecologically complex, similar to other "megadiverse" countries. We conducted ensemble niche modeling of endangered top predators to define a set of large vertebrate species. Environmental attributes were used to perform three distance-based and two artificial intelligence-based algorithms. Socio-cultural attributes were included to depict agricultural communities with strong social government schemes and clear evidence of well-managed natural resources. Other socio-economic attributes such as land acquisition cost, human agglomeration and anthropogenic land use were included in the analysis. Scenarios were computed and displayed cartographically with the aid of a geographic information system. Results showed that the largest concentration of biodiversity converges on regions with large land cover persistence and high local governance, defined as potential willingness to engage in conservation actions. The cartographic areas identified overlapped with current Mexican protected areas in only 2.7\% of the country. Thus, conservation law enforcement in most of the country seems to be ineffective. Here we show that, in a number of territories, agrarian communities that have coexisted for millennia with umbrella species can be regarded as allies in biodiversity conservation. Results are discussed in the light of their relevance for future niche modeling, environmental policy design and implications for climate change.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION},
	author = {Rodriguez-Soto, C and Velazquez, A and Monroy-Vilchis, O and Lemes, P and Loyola, R},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1899--1918},
}

@article{barbosa_cost-effective_2019,
	title = {Cost-effective restoration and conservation planning in {Green} and {Blue} {Infrastructure} designs. {A} case study on the {Intercontinental} {Biosphere} {Reserve} of the {Mediterranean}: {Andalusia} ({Spain}) - {Morocco}},
	volume = {652},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.416},
	abstract = {Green and Blue Infrastructure (GBI) is a network designed and planned to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and to protect biodiversity. Existing GBI designs lacked a systematic method to allocate restoration zones. This study proposes a novel approach for systematically selecting cost-effective areas for restoration on the basis of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and ecosystem condition to give an optimal spatial design of GBI. The approach was tested at a regional scale, in a transboundary setting encompassing the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean in Andalusia (Spain) - Morocco (IBRM), across three aquatic ecosystems: freshwater, coastal and marine. We applied Marxan with Zones to stakeholder-defined scenarios of GBI in the IBRM. Specifically, we aimed to identify management zones within the GBl that addressed different conservation, restoration and exploitation objectives. Although almost all conservation targets were achieved, our results highlighted that the proportion of conservation features (i.e., biodiversity, ecosystem services) that would be compromised in the GBl, and the proportion of provisioning services that would be lost due to conservation (i.e., incidental representation) are potentially large, indicating that the probability of conflicts between conservation and exploitation goals in the area is high. The implementation of restoration zones improved connectivity across the GBI, and also achieved European and global policy targets. Our approach may help guide future applications of GBI to implement the flexible conservation management that aquatic environments require, considering many areas at different spatial scales, across multiple ecosystems, and in transboundary contexts. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
	journal = {SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT},
	author = {Barbosa, A and Martin, B and Hermoso, V and Arevalo-Torres, J and Barbiere, J and Martinez-Lopez, J and Domisch, S and Langhans, SD and Balbi, S and Villa, F and Delacamara, G and Teixeira, H and Nogueira, AJA and Lillebo, AI and Gil-Jimenez, Y and McDonald, H and Iglesias-Campos, A},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1463--1473},
}

@article{martinez-lopez_participatory_2019,
	title = {Participatory coastal management through elicitation of ecosystem service preferences and modelling driven by "coastal squeeze"},
	volume = {652},
	doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.309},
	abstract = {The Baixo Vouga Lagunar (BVL) is part of Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon in Portugal, which is classified as a Special Protection Area under the European Habitats and Birds Directives. This part of the system, corresponding to the confluence of the Vouga River with the lagoon, is very important culturally and socioeconomically for the local communities, taking place several human activities, especially agriculture. To prevent salt water intrusion from the Ria de Aveiro into agriculture fields, a floodbank was initiated in the 90's. In frame of ongoing changes in Ria de Aveiro hydrodynamics, the existing floodbank will be now extended, introducing further changes in the ecological dynamics of the BVL and its adjacent area. As a consequence, the water level in the floodbank down-stream side is expected to rise, increasing the submersion period in tidal wetlands, and leading to coastal squeeze. The aim of this study is to apply an ecosystem based-management approach to mitigate the impacts on biodiversity resulting from the management plan. To do so, we have modelled the implications of the changes in several hydrological and environmental variables on four saltmarsh species and habitats distribution, as well as on their associated ecosystem services, both upstream and downstream of the floodbank. The ecosystem services of interest were prioritized by stakeholders' elicitation, which were then used as an input to a spatial multi-criteria analysis aimed to find the best management actions to compensate for the unintended loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the BVL. According to our results, the main areas to be preserved in the BVL were the traditional agricultural mosaic fields; the freshwater courses and the subtidal estuarine channels. By combining ecology with the analysis of social preferences, this study shows how co-developed solutions can support adaptive management and the conservation of coastal ecosystems. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
	journal = {SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT},
	author = {Martinez-Lopez, J and Teixeira, H and Morgado, M and Almagro, M and Sousa, AI and Villa, F and Balbi, S and Genua-Olmedo, A and Nogueira, AJA and Lillebo, AI},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1113--1128},
}

@article{miranda_applying_2016,
	title = {Applying integrated assessment methodologies to air quality plans: {Two} {European} cases},
	volume = {65},
	doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2016.04.010},
	abstract = {Air pollution Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) can be used for determining how emissions should be reduced to improve air quality and to protect human health in a cost-efficient way. The application of IAM is also useful to spread information to the general public and to explain the effectiveness of proposed Air Quality Plans. In this paper, the application of the RIAT+ system to determine suitable abatement measures to improve the air quality at a regional/local level is presented for two European cases: the Brussels Capital Region (Belgium) and the Porto Urban Area (Portugal). Both regions are affected with PM10 or NO2 concentrations that exceed the limit values specified by the European Union legislation. To properly assess air quality abatement measures a surrogate model was used, allowing the implementation of an efficient optimization procedure. This model is derived in both cases through a set of simulations performed using a Chemistry Transport Model fed with different emission reduction scenarios. In addition, internal costs (due to the implementation of emission reduction measures) and external costs (due to population exposure to air pollutant concentrations) of policy options were considered. The application of this integrated assessment modelling system in scenario (Brussels case) and optimization (Porto) modes contributes to identifying some advantages and limitations of these two approaches and also provides some guidance when urban air quality has to be assessed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE \& POLICY},
	author = {Miranda, AI and Relvas, H and Viaene, P and Janssen, S and Brasseur, O and Carnevale, C and Declerck, P and Maffeis, G and Turrini, E and Volta, M},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {29--38},
}

@article{alonso_shaping_2014,
	title = {The {Shaping} of {Local} {Self}-{Government} and {Economic} {Development} through {City} {Strategic} {Planning}: {A} {Case} {Study}},
	volume = {12},
	doi = {10.4335/12.3.373-391(2014)},
	abstract = {In the contemporary multiplying uncertainties of local governments, politicians and public managers are constantly faced by a recurrent problem: despite financial constraints and with scarce resources, they have to combine the delivery of efficient public services with local economic development and democratic quality. This paper draws on an ethnography concerning the design and implementation of a Strategic Planning process within a Spanish city government and is framed by the proposition that local governments are experimental places for what is usually referred to as democratic governance. Focusing on the way in which the use of Strategic Planning entails a trade-off between urban and economic development and democracy, the article explores how this formal mechanism of citizens' and business' participation serves to establish relational processes to reinvigorate local economic development, democracy and administrative modernization. The paper also argues that, in order to fully implement new urban development practices at the local level, it is necessary to take into account not only institutional issues, but also the communal, social and political resources that frame both formal and informal deliberations propelled by the Strategic Planning process. It is the interaction and combination of these that determine the paths and developments of local government innovations.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {LEX LOCALIS-JOURNAL OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT},
	author = {Alonso, AI},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {373--391},
}

@article{walter_measuring_2007,
	title = {Measuring societal effects of transdisciplinary research projects: {Design} and application of an evaluation method},
	volume = {30},
	doi = {10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.08.002},
	abstract = {Most Transdisciplinary Research (TdR) projects combine scientific research with the building of decision making capacity for the involved stakeholders. These projects usually deal with complex, societally relevant, real-world problems. This paper focuses on TdR projects, which integrate the knowledge of researchers and stakeholders in a collaborative transdisciplinary process through structured methods of mutual learning. Previous research on the evaluation of TdR has insufficiently explored the intended effects of transdisciplinary processes on the real world (societal effects). We developed an evaluation framework for assessing the societal effects of transdisciplinary processes. Outputs (measured as procedural and product-related involvement of the stakeholders), impacts (intermediate effects connecting outputs and outcomes) and outcomes (enhanced decision making capacity) are distinguished as three types of societal effects. Our model links outputs and outcomes of transdisciplinary processes via the impacts using a mediating variables approach. We applied this model in an ex post evaluation of a transdisciplinary process. 84 out of 188 agents participated in a survey. The results show significant mediation effects of the two impacts "network building" and "transformation knowledge". These results indicate an influence of a transdisciplinary process on the decision making capacity of stakeholders, especially through social network building and the generation of knowledge relevant for action. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING},
	author = {Walter, AI and Helgenberger, S and Wiek, A and Scholz, RW},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {325--338},
}

@article{yu_resolving_2017,
	title = {Resolving {Over}-{Constrained} {Temporal} {Problems} with {Uncertainty} through {Conflict}-{Directed} {Relaxation}},
	volume = {60},
	doi = {10.1613/jair.5431},
	abstract = {Over-subscription, that is, being assigned too many things to do, is commonly encountered in temporal scheduling problems. As human beings, we often want to do more than we can actually do, and underestimate how long it takes to perform each task. Decision makers can bene fit from aids that identify when these failure situations are likely, the root causes of these failures, and resolutions to these failures.In this paper, we present a decision assistant that helps users resolve over-subscribed temporal problems. The system works like an experienced advisor that can quickly identify the cause of failure underlying temporal problems and compute resolutions. The core of the decision assistant is the Best-first Conflict-Directed Relaxation (BCDR) algorithm, which can detect conflicting sets of constraints within temporal problems, and computes continuous relaxations for them that weaken constraints to the minimum extent, instead of removing them completely. BCDR is an extension to the Conflict-Directed A* algorithm, first developed in the model-based reasoning community to compute most likely system diagnoses or reconfigurations. It generalizes the discrete conflicts and relaxations, to hybrid conflicts and relaxations, which denote minimal inconsistencies and minimal relaxations to both discrete and continuous relaxable constraints. In addition, BCDR is capable of handling temporal uncertainty, expressed as either set-bounded or probabilistic durations, and can compute preferred trade-offs between the risk of violating a schedule requirement, versus the loss of utility by weakening those requirements.BCDR has been applied to several decision support applications in different domains, including deep-sea exploration, urban travel planning and transit system management. It has demonstrated its effectiveness in helping users resolve over-subscribed scheduling problems and evaluate the robustness of existing solutions. In our benchmark experiments, BCDR has also demonstrated its efficiency on solving large-scale scheduling problems in the aforementioned domains. Thanks to its conflict-driven approach for computing relaxations, BCDR achieves one to two orders of magnitude improvements on runtime performance when compared to state-of-the-art numerical solvers.},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH},
	author = {Yu, P and Williams, B and Fang, C and Cui, J and Haslum, P},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {425--490},
}

@article{austin_architecting_2020,
	title = {Architecting {Smart} {City} {Digital} {Twins}: {Combined} {Semantic} {Model} and {Machine} {Learning} {Approach}},
	volume = {36},
	doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000774},
	abstract = {This work was motivated by the premise that next-generation smart city systems will be enabled by widespread adoption of sensing and communication technologies deeply embedded within the physical urban domain. These technological advances (e.g., sensing, processing, and data transmission) are what makes smart city digital twins possible. This paper explores approaches and challenges in architecting and the operation of smart city digital twins. A smart city digital twin architecture is proposed that supports semantic knowledge representation and reasoning, working side by side with machine learning formalisms, to provide complementary and supportive roles in the collection and processing of data, identification of events, and automated decision-making. The semantic and machine learning sides of the proposed architecture are exercised on a problem involving simplified analysis of energy usage in buildings located in the Chicago Metropolitan Area.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING},
	author = {Austin, M and Delgoshaei, P and Coelho, M and Heidarinejad, M},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{schuwirth_how_2019,
	title = {How to make ecological models useful for environmental management},
	volume = {411},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108784},
	abstract = {Understanding and predicting the ecological consequences of different management alternatives is becoming increasingly important to support environmental management decisions. Ecological models could contribute to such predictions, but in the past this was often not the case. Ecological models are often developed within research projects but are rarely used for practical applications. In this synthesis paper, we discuss how to strengthen the role of ecological modeling in supporting environmental management decisions with a focus on methodological aspects. We address mainly ecological modellers but also potential users of modeling results. Various modeling approaches can be used to predict the response of ecosystems to anthropogenic interventions, including mechanistic models, statistical models, and machine learning approaches. Regardless of the chosen approach, we outline how to better align the modeling to the decision making process, and identify six requirements that we believe are important to increase the usefulness of ecological models for management support, especially if management decisions need to be justified to the public. These cover: (i) a mechanistic understanding regarding causality, (ii) alignment of model input and output with the management decision, (iii) appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions, (iv) uncertainty quantification, (v) sufficient predictive performance, and (vi) transparent communication. We discuss challenges and synthesize suggestions for addressing these points.},
	journal = {ECOLOGICAL MODELLING},
	author = {Schuwirth, N and Borgwardt, F and Domisch, S and Friedrichs, M and Kattwinkel, M and Kneis, D and Kuemmerlen, M and Langhans, SD and Martinez-Lopez, J and Vermeiren, P},
	year = {2019},
}

@incollection{de_castro_decisio-epistheme_2002,
	title = {Decisio-epistheme: {An} integrated environment to geographic decision-making},
	volume = {2569},
	abstract = {Collaborative decision-making in geographic-driven management projects often face problems as: difficulties of manage spatial data as a component of the process, lack of coordination of the different areas involved in the process, difficulties of knowledge access, badly defined decision processes, and absence of an appropriate tool that manages spatial data in a collaborative approach. Decisio-Epistheme is an integrated web-based environment that uses workflow, knowledge management and decision support tools to ease collaborative decision processes that deal with spatial data. In our approach, the collaborative decision process is treated as a form of knowledge creation because its definition and related activities are complementary to the process of externalization, internalization, combination and socialization of knowledge. The system is being applied in an agro-metcorological project, with the purpose of improving the results at the Brazilian agro-business.},
	booktitle = {{PRACTICAL} {ASPECTS} {OF} {KNOWLEDGE} {MANAGEMENT}},
	author = {de Castro, M and Oliveira, J and Strauch, J and Souza, JM},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT},
	pages = {126--136},
}

@incollection{molina_intelligent_2005,
	title = {An intelligent assistant for public transport management},
	volume = {3645},
	abstract = {This paper describes the architecture of a computer system conceived as an intelligent assistant for public transport management, The goal of the system is to help operators of a control center in making strategic decisions about how to solve problems of a fleet of buses in an urban network. The system uses artificial intelligence techniques to simulate the decision processes. In particular, a complex knowledge model has been designed by using advanced knowledge engineering methods that integrates three main tasks: diagnosis, prediction and planning. Finally, the paper describes two particular applications developed following this architecture for the cities of Torino (Italy) and Vitoria (Spain).},
	booktitle = {{ADVANCES} {IN} {INTELLIGENT} {COMPUTING}, {PT} 2, {PROCEEDINGS}},
	author = {Molina, M},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: ADVANCES IN INTELLIGENT COMPUTING, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS},
	pages = {199--208},
}

@article{maeda_black_2021,
	title = {Black {Boxes} and the {Role} of {Modeling} in {Environmental} {Policy} {Making}},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.3389/fenvs.2021.629336},
	abstract = {Modeling is essential for modern science, and science-based policies are directly affected by the reliability of model outputs. Artificial intelligence has improved the accuracy and capability of model simulations, but often at the expense of a rational understanding of the systems involved. The lack of transparency in black box models, artificial intelligence based ones among them, can potentially affect the trust in science driven policy making. Here, we suggest that a broader discussion is needed to address the implications of black box approaches on the reliability of scientific advice used for policy making. We argue that participatory methods can bridge the gap between increasingly complex scientific methods and the people affected by their interpretations},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE},
	author = {Maeda, EE and Haapasaari, P and Helle, I and Lehikoinen, A and Voinov, A and Kuikka, S},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{shuler_participatory_2021,
	title = {A participatory approach to assessing groundwater recharge under future climate and land-cover scenarios, {Tutuila}, {American} {Samoa}},
	volume = {34},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100785},
	abstract = {Study region: Oceania, South Pacific, Polynesia.Study Focus: Changing climates have the potential to significantly impact global water resources availability. On many volcanic islands, groundwater is the primary drinking water source, thereby making it essential to manage this limited resource carefully. In this study, we developed high temporal and spatial resolution groundwater recharge estimates for the Island of Tutuila, American Samoa using the Soil Water-Balance-2 (SWB2) model. Additionally, we predicted future recharge by running the calibrated model with combinations of dynamically downscaled general circulation climate model (GCM) predictions, and future land-cover scenarios developed collectively with local stakeholder groups.New hydrological insights: Present-day results indicate 57 \% of Tutuila's rainfall becomes groundwater recharge, 8 \% evaporates from the canopy, 15 \% evapotranspires, and 20 \% discharges as stormflow-runoff. Future climate scenarios suggest recharge may increase by 8 \% or 14 \% depending on global emissions. Land-cover was a less significant driver of hydrologic change, although increases in impervious surfaces showed a negative impact on recharge. This work is maintained as an active open-source project on GitHub, the world's leading software development platform, thereby enhancing transparency, reproducibility, and participation from stakeholders and managers in American Samoa. This study is the first of its kind from a location within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, and provides insights into how human activities on global and local levels affect the future sustainability of essential resources.},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY-REGIONAL STUDIES},
	author = {Shuler, C and Brewington, L and El-Kadi, AI},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{hofmeyer_coevolutionary_2015,
	title = {Coevolutionary and genetic algorithm based building spatial and structural design},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1017/S0890060415000384},
	abstract = {In this article, two methods to develop and optimize accompanying building spatial and structural designs are compared. The first, a coevolutionary method, applies deterministic procedures, inspired by realistic design processes, to cyclically add a suitable structural design to the input of a spatial design, evaluate and improve the structural design via the finite element method and topology optimization, adjust the spatial design according to the improved structural design, and modify the spatial design such that the initial spatial requirements are fulfilled. The second method uses a genetic algorithm that works on a population of accompanying building spatial and structural designs, using the finite element method for evaluation. If specific performance indicators and spatial requirements are used (i.e., total strain energy, spatial volume, and number of spaces), both methods provide optimized building designs; however, the coevolutionary method yields even better designs in a faster and more direct manner, whereas the genetic algorithm based method provides more design variants. Both methods show that collaborative design, for example, via design modification in one domain (here spatial) to optimize the design in another domain (here structural) can be as effective as monodisciplinary optimization; however, it may need adjustments to avoid the designs becoming progressively unrealistic. Designers are informed of the merits and disadvantages of design process simulation and design instance exploration, whereas scientists learn from a first fully operational and automated method for design process simulation, which is verified with a genetic algorithm and subject to future improvements and extensions in the community.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {AI EDAM-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING},
	author = {Hofmeyer, H and Delgado, JMD},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {351--370},
}

@article{shirowzhan_digital_2020,
	title = {Digital {Twin} and {CyberGIS} for {Improving} {Connectivity} and {Measuring} the {Impact} of {Infrastructure} {Construction} {Planning} in {Smart} {Cities}},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.3390/ijgi9040240},
	abstract = {Smart technologies are advancing, and smart cities can be made smarter by increasing the connectivity and interactions of humans, the environment, and smart devices. This paper discusses selective technologies that can potentially contribute to developing an intelligent environment and smarter cities. While the connectivity and efficiency of smart cities is important, the analysis of the impact of construction development and large projects in the city is crucial to decision and policy makers, before the project is approved. This raises the question of assessing the impact of a new infrastructure project on the community prior to its commencement what type of technologies can potentially be used for creating a virtual representation of the city? How can a smart city be improved by utilizing these technologies? There are a wide range of technologies and applications available but understanding their function, interoperability, and compatibility with the community requires more discussion around system designs and architecture. These questions can be the basis of developing an agenda for further investigations. In particular, the need for advanced tools such as mobile scanners, Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Geospatial Augmented Reality apps, Light Detection, and Ranging in smart cities is discussed. In line with smart city technology development, this Special Issue includes eight accepted articles covering trending topics, which are briefly reviewed.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION},
	author = {Shirowzhan, S and Tan, W and Sepasgozar, SME},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{benaben_ai_2020,
	title = {An {AI} framework and a metamodel for collaborative situations: {Application} to crisis management contexts},
	volume = {28},
	doi = {10.1111/1468-5973.12310},
	abstract = {Identifying, designing, deploying and maintaining accurate collaborative networks of organizations (e.g. responders in a crisis situation) are key activities in nowadays ecosystems. However, there is a lack regarding formal approaches dedicated to characterize collaborative networks of organizations. Formal descriptions of collaborative situations, that could be used, transformed, computed and exploited would be of great benefit for the quality of such collaborative networks. This article presents a model-based AI framework for describing collaborative situations and the associated formal metamodel dedicated to be instantiated to characterize collaborative situations in a very wide range of application domains. This metamodel (describing collaborative situation between organizations) is structured according to four complementary dimensions: thecontext(social, physical and geographical environment), thepartners(the involved organizations, their capabilities resources and relations), theobjectives(the aims of the network, the goals to be the achieved and the risks to avoid, etc.) and thebehaviour(the collaborative processes to be implemented by thepartnersto achieve theobjectivesin the consideredcontext). Besides, this metamodel can be extended for some precise application domains. This article focuses on this mechanism in the specific context of crisis management.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT},
	author = {Benaben, F and Fertier, A and Montarnal, A and Mu, WX and Jiang, Z and Truptil, S and Barthe-Delanoe, AM and Lauras, M and Mace-Ramete, G and Wang, TX and Bidoux, L and Lamothe, J},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {291--306},
}

@article{barac_land_2004,
	title = {Land user participation in developing a computerised decision support system for combating desertification},
	volume = {99},
	doi = {10.1007/s10661-004-4022-6},
	abstract = {Combating desertification in natural rangelands has recently become a priority in large parts of southern Africa. Rangeland managers, farmers, scientists, conservationists and land users have been applying a variety of restoration technologies to address this problem. Bush encroachment, as part of the desertification process, involves the natural replacement of the herbaceous plant cover by undesirable problem woody species. The active and passive restoration technologies that are applied, are mainly based on indigenous knowledge and include the chemical, mechanical or manual reclamation of unproductive rangelands, as well as the combating of woody and alien species encroachment. Indigenous practices and knowledge play a major role in the effectiveness and success rate of these technologies. This project faces the challenge of bringing together both local and scientific knowledge in a single user-friendly, computerised Decision Support System (DSS) which is directly accessible by land users to support them in the process of decision making, concerning the combating of desertification. Case studies from central and northern Namibia were used to combine qualitative and quantitative data to develop this Decision Support System. The DSS currently consists of two databases and an expert system, which evaluates the results of land users' management practices, and provides easily accessible information and advice for participants in the system, based on the incorporated data. The DSS is also linked to national and international web sites and databases to offer a wider range of information on technologies concerning agricultural and conservation practices.},
	number = {1-3},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT},
	author = {Barac, A and Kellner, K and De Klerk, N},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {223--231},
}

@article{singh_consensus_2013,
	title = {A consensus based group decision making methodology for strategic selection problems of supply chain coordination},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1016/j.engappai.2012.03.013},
	abstract = {In a supply chain (SC), the partners often make collective decisions to solve a number of problems which are characterized by various quantitative and qualitative criteria. This article presents a fuzzy TOPSIS and soft consensus based group decision making methodology to solve the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems in supply chain coordination, i.e., selection problems. This methodology is proposed to improve the coordination in decentralized supply chains, i.e., supply chains that comprise several independent, legally separated entities with their own decision authorities. In order to address the imprecision of supply chain partners in formulating the preference value of various criteria, a fuzzy TOPSIS based methodology is proposed. Moreover, a soft consensus based group decision making approach is used for consensus forming among the supply chain partners, regarding the preference values of various criteria for different alternatives. Correlation coefficient and standard deviation (CCSD) based objective weight determination method is also used for enumeration of the weights of the criterion for fuzzy TOPSIS. To demonstrate the applicability of proposed methodology, an illustrative example has been presented. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE},
	author = {Singh, RK and Benyoucef, L},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {122--134},
}

@article{van_den_homberg_changing_2020,
	title = {The {Changing} {Face} of {Accountability} in {Humanitarianism}: {Using} {Artificial} {Intelligence} for {Anticipatory} {Action}},
	volume = {8},
	doi = {10.17645/pag.v8i4.3158},
	abstract = {Over the past two decades, humanitarian conduct has been drifting away from the classical paradigm. This drift is caused by the blurring of boundaries between development aid and humanitarianism and the increasing reliance on digital technologies and data. New humanitarianism, especially in the form of disaster risk reduction, involved government authorities in plans to strengthen their capacity to deal with disasters. Digital humanitarianism now enrolls remote data analytics: GIS capacity, local data and information management experts, and digital volunteers. It harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to strengthen humanitarian agencies and governments' capacity to anticipate and cope better with crises. In this article, we first trace how the meaning of accountability changed from classical to new and finally to digital humanitarianism. We then describe a recent empirical case of anticipatory humanitarian action in the Philippines. The Red Cross Red Crescent movement designed an artificial intelligence algorithm to trigger the release of funds typically used for humanitarian response in advance of an impending typhoon to start up early actions to mitigate its potential impact. We highlight emerging actors and fora in the accountability relationship of anticipatory humanitarian action as well as the consequences arising from actors' (mis)conduct. Finally, we reflect on the implications of this new form of algorithmic accountability for classical humanitarianism.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE},
	author = {van den Homberg, MJC and Gevaert, CM and Georgiadou, Y},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {456--467},
}

@article{bakht_game-based_2018,
	title = {Game-based crowdsourcing to support collaborative customization of the definition of sustainability},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {10.1016/j.aei.2018.08.019},
	abstract = {Successful adoption and management of sustainable urban systems hinges on the community embracing these systems. Capturing citizens' ideas, views, and assessments of the built environment will be essential to this goal. In collaborative city planning, these are qualified and valued forms of partial knowledge that should be collectively used to shape the decision making process of urban planning. Among other tools, social media and online social network analytics can provide means to capture elements of such a distributed knowledge. While a structured definition of sustainability (normally dictated in a top-down fashion) may not sufficiently respond well to the pluralist nature of such knowledge acquisition; dealing with the unstructured community inputs, assessments and contributions on social media can be confusing. We can detect fully relevant topics/ideas in community discussions; but they typically suffer from lack of coherence.In this paper, we advocate the use of a semi-structured approach for capturing, analyzing, and interpreting citizens' inputs. Public officials and professionals can develop the main elements (topical aspects) of sustain ability, which can act as the skeleton of a taxonomy. It is however, the community inputs/ideas (in our case collected via social media and parsed), that can shape-up that skeleton and augment those topical aspects with adding the required semantic depth. In more specific terms, we collected tweets for four urban infrastructure mega-projects in North America. Then we used a game-with-a-purpose to crowdsource the identification of topics for a training set of tweets. This was then used to train machine learning algorithms to cluster the rest of collected tweets. We studied the semantic (finding the topics) of tweets as well as their sentiment (in terms of being opposing or supportive of a project). Our classification tested different decision trees with different topic hierarchies. We considered/extracted eight different linguistic features in studying contents of a tweet. Finally, we examined the accuracy of three algorithms in classifying tweets according to the sequence in the tree, and based on the extracted features. These are: K-nearest neighbors, Naive Bayes classifiers and Support Vector Machines (SVM).Respective to our data set, SVM outperformed other algorithms. Semantic analysis was insensitive to the depth/number of linguistic features considered. In contrast, sentiment analysis was enhanced when part of speech (PoS) was tracked. Interestingly, our work shows that considering the topic (semantic) of a tweet helped enhance the accuracy of sentiment analysis: including topical class as a feature in conducting sentiment analysis results in higher accuracies. This could be used as means to detect the evolution of community opinion: that topic-based social networks are evolving within the communities tweeting about urban projects. It could also be used to identify the topics of top priority to the community or the ones that have the widest spread of views. In our case, these were mainly the impacts of the design and engineering features on social issues.},
	journal = {ADVANCED ENGINEERING INFORMATICS},
	author = {Bakht, MN and El-Diraby, TE and Hossaini, M},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {501--513},
}

@article{khiat_temporal_2019,
	title = {A {Temporal} {Distributed} {Group} {Decision} {Support} {System} {Based} on {Multi}-{Criteria} {Analysis}},
	volume = {5},
	doi = {10.9781/ijimai.2019.03.002},
	abstract = {Decision support consists of proposing tasks and projects by taking into account temporal constraints and the use of resources with the aim of finding a compromise solution between several alternatives. Indeed, on the one hand, centralized resolution systems and methods are generally inappropriate to the real case because of the local unavailability of decision makers. On the other hand. the data of the decisional problem are generally poorly expressed in a negotiation environment. Other techniques and approaches treat the same decision-making problem and impose a distributed vision for coherent decisions. For this purpose, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) allow modeling a distributed resolution of the group decision support problem. In this article, we propose a new model of a multi criteria group decision support system based on a multi agent system modeling a spatial problem. We consider that each decision maker is assimilated to an agent that has a decision-making autonomy, in which he interacts with other agents in the debate through a negotiation process in order to reach an acceptable compromise. In this study, we propose coordination mechanisms among agents to highlight the simulated negotiation. Therefore, the proposed system finds a solution before fixed deadlines' time expire. We experiment the suggested negotiation model to solve the decisional problem of spatial localization in territory planning.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE},
	author = {Khiat, S and Hamdadou, D},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {7--21},
}

@article{kaklauskas_affective_2019,
	title = {Affective analytics of demonstration sites},
	volume = {81},
	doi = {10.1016/j.engappai.2019.03.001},
	abstract = {Multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) typically assumes that crowds make completely rational decisions. In MCDM, a crowd as a whole, or its individual members, generally make decisions free from any influence of valence, arousal, emotional state or environment. In contrast, various theories dealing with crowd psychology (Gustave Le Bon, Freudian, Deindividuation, Convergence, Emergent norm, Social identity) analyze, in one form or another, the emotions of the crowd. According to above theories, crowd is influenced by a range of behavioral factors, such as physical, social, psychological, culture, norms, and emotions. It can be argued that the emotional state, valence and arousal of crowds affect their decision making to a considerable degree and multiple criteria crowd behavior modeling must, therefore, consider this impact as well. In this light, the integration of crowd simulation and biometric methods, behavioral operations research and emotions in decision making has taken a prominent place as it leads to a better understanding of crowd emotions and crowd decision making. In this context, the authors developed the Affective Analytics of Demonstration Sites (ANDES) that added to this body of research in four ways. The crowd analysis and simulations conducted with ANDES used a neuro decision matrix. The matrix contains a detailed description of demonstration sites (public spaces) in question and the emotions, valence, arousal and physiological parameters of people present there. With ANDES's Remote Sensor Network, emotional (emotions, valence, arousal) and physiological (average crowd facial temperature, crowd composition by gender and age group, etc.) parameters of people present at demonstration sites can be mapped. ANDES can assist experts in more effective implementations of public spaces planning and a participation process by attendees by collecting and examining various layers of data on the emotional and physiological parameters of visitors based on a visitors-centric public spaces planning approach. ANDES can determine the public space and real estate values.},
	journal = {ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE},
	author = {Kaklauskas, A and Jokubauskas, D and Cerkauskas, J and Dzemyda, G and Ubarte, I and Skirmantas, D and Podviezko, A and Simkute, I},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {346--372},
}

@article{kerebel_landscape_2019,
	title = {Landscape aesthetic modelling using {Bayesian} networks: {Conceptual} framework and participatory indicator weighting},
	volume = {185},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.02.001},
	abstract = {Landscape aesthetics provides humans with health and social benefits contributing to overall well-being, thus representing a cultural ecosystem service. Landscape biophysical and social attributes create information that is interpreted as either beauty or blight by the mind of the beholder. The ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) modelling platform is quite suited to the landscape aesthetics paradigm, since it is characterized by both a strong focus on the spatial connectivity between ecosystems and beneficiaries and by the employment of Bayesian networks to quantify and communicate uncertainty. A conceptual framework based on landscape aesthetic abstraction levels was proposed to build these Bayesian networks, progressively linking tangible indicators to abstract dimensions and concepts. As input to ARIES, a simple and rapid participatory methodology was designed to weight indicators according to stakeholder preferences, from which values the probabilities were derived for use in canonical probabilistic models. The participatory indicator identification methodology generated both abstract and concrete terms, suggesting that the process should be supervised to obtain clear and tangible indicators. A sensitivity analysis revealed that individual visual blight indicators had more profound impacts on landscape aesthetic while the effect of beauty indicators was more subtle and balanced. Although the methodology may require a relatively large number of participants to derive probabilities, the procedure was not overly challenging for the participants. This methodology has the potential to be implemented widely, in various contexts and for different periods, accounting for alternative spatiotemporal variations and land cover contexts.},
	journal = {LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING},
	author = {Kerebel, A and Gelinas, N and Dery, S and Voigt, B and Munson, A},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {258--271},
}

@article{ai_dynamic_2016,
	title = {A dynamic decision support system based on geographical information and mobile social networks: {A} model for tsunami risk mitigation in {Padang}, {Indonesia}},
	volume = {90},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ssci.2015.09.022},
	abstract = {In coastal cities, population and property are concentrated in small areas, with abundant resources and convenient transportation, but also with potential tsunami risk, as shown by the tsunami disasters of 2004, 2010 in Indonesia. Coastal area citizens need to evacuate to a safe place as soon as tsunamis occur. The prime evacuation time is very critical for them, but it is delayed in practice by complex information transfer processes. In recent years, spatial information has become an important resource used in dynamic decision support for emergencies, and smart phones have become a primary social communication device during interactions in emergencies. This paper outlines the design and development of a prototype geographical information system centric, social media based dynamic decision support system (GIS-SM-DDSS) that integrates geographical information with Twitter technology to enable self organized information networks to support decision making and collective actions in emergency situations. The actors include government policy makers, policy managers, highly influential social leaders in local communities, and policy executors and urban citizens impacted by disasters. The main system functions include dynamic disaster risk analysis, timely dissemination of evacuation strategies to community residents, and real-time detection of environmental risk and evacuation support. This system is designed as a field experiment in Padang, Indonesia, to help public officials design tsunami risk maps with timely evacuation routes and transmit these maps to influential leaders in local neighborhoods that are exposed to tsunami risk. Each neighborhood leader would then tweet the detailed route to citizens that follow the tweet. The proposed has potential to support evacuation strategies and real-time guidance of communities at risk during disaster. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {SAFETY SCIENCE},
	author = {Ai, FL and Comfort, LK and Dong, YQ and Znati, T},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {62--74},
}

@article{testa_emergent_2001,
	title = {Emergent {Design}: a crosscutting research program and design curriculum integrating architecture and artificial intelligence},
	volume = {28},
	doi = {10.1068/b2702},
	abstract = {We describe a design process, Emergent Design, that draws upon techniques and approaches from the disciplines of computer science and artificial intelligence in addition to architecture. The process focuses on morphology, emphasizing the emergent and adaptive properties of architectural form and complex organizations. Emergent Design explicitly uses software tools that allow the exploration of locally defined, bottom-up emergent spatial systems. We describe our Emergent Design software, inspired by concepts From Artificial Life, that is open-source and written in Java. This software is an integral part of a curriculum to teach Emergent Design that has original content and pedagogical aspects.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING \& DESIGN},
	author = {Testa, P and O'Reilly, UM and Weiser, D and Ross, I},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {481--498},
}

@article{allam_big_2019,
	title = {On big data, artificial intelligence and smart cities},
	volume = {89},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.032},
	abstract = {Cities are increasingly turning towards specialized technologies to address issues related to society, ecology, morphology and many others. The emerging concept of Smart Cities highly encourages this prospect by promoting the incorporation of sensors and Big Data through the Internet of Things (IoT). This surge of data brings new possibilities in the design and management of cities just as much as economic prospects. While Big Data processing through Artificial Intelligence (AI) can greatly contribute to the urban fabric, sustainability and liveability dimensions however must not be overlooked in favour of technological ones. This paper reviews the urban potential of AI and proposes a new framework binding AI technology and cities while ensuring the integration of key dimensions of Culture, Metabolism and Governance; which are known to be primordial in the successful integration of Smart Cities for the compliance to the Sustainable Development Goal 11 and the New Urban Agenda. This paper is aimed towards Policy Makers, Data Scientists and Engineers who are looking at enhancing the integration of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Smart Cities with an aim to increase the liveability of the urban fabric while boosting economic growth and opportunities.},
	journal = {CITIES},
	author = {Allam, Z and Dhunny, ZA},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {80--91},
}

@article{walter_critical_2007,
	title = {Critical success conditions of collaborative methods: a comparative evaluation of transport planning projects},
	volume = {34},
	doi = {10.1007/s11116-006-9000-0},
	abstract = {This paper explores critical success conditions of collaborative planning projects in the area of urban transport, evaluating the impact of new collaborative methods, instruments and processes on project performance. Hypothesis building is based on a comparative, empirical research design, rather than on deductive theory construction. Potential critical success conditions are derived from literature. Based on five urban transport planning projects in Gothenburg (Sweden), London (United Kingdom), Milwaukee (United States), Tokyo (Japan) and Mexico City (Mexico), a rough set analysis of the five cases reveals validated success conditions, which can be used for formulating hypotheses for further research or for policy and process improvement. The results suggest that a dedicated management of the multi-actor network, a high diversity of actors, as well as an extensive use of knowledge integration methods in combination with a high network density are critical success conditions of these planning processes. Surprisingly, the extensive use of unilateral methods also showed to be an important success condition. The traditional role of the planner will have to be complemented with the expertise of network and methodology management. The authors conclude that rough set analysis can be a valuable addition to narrative, single-case analysis of collaborative urban transport planning processes.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {TRANSPORTATION},
	author = {Walter, AI and Scholz, RW},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {195--212},
}

@article{perez_group_2011,
	title = {Group decision making problems in a linguistic and dynamic context},
	volume = {38},
	doi = {10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.092},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is to present a new model of decision support system for group decision making problems based on a linguistic approach and dynamic sets of alternatives. The model incorporates a mechanism that allows to manage dynamic decision situations in which some information about the problem is not constant in time. We assume that the set of alternatives can change during the decision making process. The model is presented in a mobile and dynamic context where the experts' preferences can be incomplete. The linguistic approach is used to represent both the experts' preferences about the alternatives and the agreement degrees to manage the change of some alternatives. A prototype of such mobile decision support system in which the experts use mobile devices to provide their linguistic preferences at anytime and anywhere has been implemented. In such a way, we provide a new linguistic group decision making framework that is mobile and dynamic. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS},
	author = {Perez, IJ and Cabrerizo, FJ and Herrera-Viedma, E},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1675--1688},
}

@article{demetriou_land_2012,
	title = {Land consolidation in {Cyprus}: {Why} is an {Integrated} {Planning} and {Decision} {Support} {System} required?},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.05.012},
	abstract = {This paper explores issues of land fragmentation, consolidation and reallocation and argues that a new planning support system for land consolidation is needed in Cyprus because of the long duration of projects, the high operational costs and the conflicts between the stakeholders involved. An Integrated Planning and Decision Support System is proposed that integrates artificial intelligence technologies and multi-criteria decision methods with a geographical information system for use in routine land consolidation planning as well as for undertaking ex ante evaluations of land consolidation projects, as required by the European Union. A framework is provided which shows how the system will contribute to reducing the problems associated with the land consolidation process. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {LAND USE POLICY},
	author = {Demetriou, D and Stillwell, J and See, L},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {131--142},
}

@article{nijkamp_comparative_2002,
	title = {A comparative institutional evaluation of public-private partnerships in {Dutch} urban land-use and revitalisation projects},
	volume = {39},
	doi = {10.1080/0042098022000002993},
	abstract = {In the spirit of the devolution of public policy, we have recently witnessed an increasing popularity of decentralised forms of decision-making in urban land-use policy, in which both local (or regional) authorities and the private sector play a more prominent joint role in the preparation and implementation of urban development projects. The paper describes the pathway to a more institutional multi-actor mode of urban land-use and revitalisation projects within the framework of deregulated land markets and maps out various relevant aspects of competitive land use. In particular, an attempt is made to identify the crucial 'drivers' of this complex decision-making process in an urban context, against the background of revitalisation objectives for modern cities. The literature suggests, in particular, that the institutional constellation, the financial viability and the presence of spatial externalities may act as critical factors for public-private partnerships. This proposition is tested in the paper by means of a comparative study on nine carefully selected urban development projects-more specifically, nine types of public-private partnerships-in The Netherlands. After the design of a systematic database on these projects, a particular type of qualitative fuzzy classification analysis originating from artificial intelligence, known as rough set analysis, is deployed to assess and identify the most important factors that are responsible for successes and failures of recent development plans in Dutch cities. This approach allows us to pinpoint the most critical policy variables.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {URBAN STUDIES},
	author = {Nijkamp, P and van der Burch, M and Vindigni, G},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1865--1880},
}

@article{li_delineation_2021,
	title = {Delineation of an {Urban} {Community} {Life} {Circle} {Based} on a {Machine}-{Learning} {Estimation} of {Spatiotemporal} {Behavioral} {Demand}},
	volume = {31},
	doi = {10.1007/s11769-021-1174-z},
	abstract = {Delineating life circles is an essential prerequisite for urban community life circle planning. Recent studies combined the environmental contexts with residents' global positioning system (GPS) data to delineate the life circles. This method, however, is constrained by GPS data, and it can only be applied in the GPS surveyed communities. To address this limitation, this study developed a generalizable delineation method without the constraint of behavioral data. According to previous research, the community life circle consists of the walking-accessible range and internal structure. The core task to develop the generalizable method was to estimate the spatiotemporal behavioral demand for each plot of land to acquire the internal structure of the life circle, as the range can be delineated primarily based on environmental data. Therefore, behavioral demand estimation models were established through logistic regression and machine learning techniques, including decision trees and ensemble learning. The model with the lowest error rate was chosen as the final estimation model for each type of land. Finally, we used a community without GPS data as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the estimation models and delineation method. This article extends the existing literature by introducing spatiotemporal behavioral demand estimation models, which learn the relationships between environmental contexts, population composition and the existing delineated results based on GPS data to delineate the internal structure of the community life circle without employing behavioral data. Furthermore, the proposed method and delineation results also contributes to facilities adjustments and location selections in life circle planning, people-oriented transformation in urban planning, and activity space estimation of the population in evaluating and improving the urban policies.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {CHINESE GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE},
	author = {Li, CJ and Xia, WQ and Chai, YW},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {27--40},
}

@article{haqbeen_using_2021,
	title = {Using {Decision} {Support} {System} to {Enable} {Crowd} {Identify} {Neighborhood} {Issues} and {Its} {Solutions} for {Policy} {Makers}: {An} {Online} {Experiment} at {Kabul} {Municipal} {Level}},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.3390/su13105453},
	abstract = {Planning a city is a systematic process that includes time, space, and groups of people who must communicate. However, due to security problems in such war-ravaged countries as Afghanistan, the traditional forms of public participation in the planning process are untenable. In particular, due to gathering space difficulties and culture issues in Afghanistan, women and religious minorities are restricted from joining male-dominated powerholders' face-to-face meetings which are nearly always held in fixed places called masjids (religious buildings). Furthermore, conducting such discussions with human facilitation biases the generation of citizen decisions that stimulates an atmosphere of confrontation, causing another decision problem for urban policy-making institutions. Therefore, it is critical to find approaches that not only securely revolutionize participative processes but also provide meaningful and equal public consultation to support interactions among stakeholders to solve their shared problems together. Toward this end, we propose a joint research program, namely, crowd-based communicative and deliberative e-planning (CCDP), a blended approach, which is a mixture of using an artificial-intelligence-led technology, decision-support system called D-Agree and experimental participatory planning in Kabul, Afghanistan. For the sake of real-world implementation, Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan) and Kabul Municipality (Afghanistan) have formed a novel developed and developing world partnership by using our proposed methodology as an emerging-deliberation mechanism to reframe public participation in urban planning processes. In the proposed program, Kabul municipality agreed to use our methodology when Kabul city needs to make a plan with people. This digital field study presents the first practical example of using online decision support systems in the context of the neighborhood functions of Gozars, which are Kabul's social and spatial urban units. The main objective was to harness the wisdom of the crowd to innovative suggestions for helping policymakers making strategic development plans for Gozars using open call ideas, and for responding to equal participation and consultation needs, specifically for women and minorities. This article presents valuable insights into the benefits of this combined approach as blended experience for societies and cities that are suffering long-term distress. This initiative has influenced other local Afghan governments, including the cities of Kandahar and Herat as well as the country's central government's ministry of urban planning and land, which has officially expressed its intention to collaborate with us.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {SUSTAINABILITY},
	author = {Haqbeen, J and Sahab, S and Ito, T and Rizzi, P},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{arroyo_authoring_2008,
	title = {Authoring {Social}-aware {Tasks} on {Active} {Spaces}},
	volume = {14},
	abstract = {Social-aware computing is an emerging trend based on ubiquitous computing technologies and collaborative work. A successful design demands a better understanding of group tasks, adaptation mechanisms and support for dynamic changes in a nomadic computing paradigm. This paper proposes the use of a hypermedia model to describe and support group activities in intelligent environments. The resulting system integrates adaptive context-aware information on the basis of user/group models in order to provide a structured access to dynamic task scheduling. In particular, we propose the use of the calendar metaphor as an ongoing connection between active spaces and collaborative tasks. This proposal provides the appropriate support for an easier human coordination to achieve common objectives in blended learning scenarios, and thus, extending authoring social tasks to physical spaces.},
	number = {17},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL COMPUTER SCIENCE},
	author = {Arroyo, RF and Gea, M and Garrido, JL and Haya, PA and Carro, RM},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2840--2858},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-08-09 08:39:41)(Select): conceptual model of collaboration;},
}

@article{teo_building_2011,
	title = {Building adaption model in assessing adaption potential of public housing in {Singapore}},
	volume = {46},
	doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.003},
	abstract = {Building adaptation is instrumental in curbing building degradation and urban dilapidation. Owing to budget constraint, the policy decision makers who manage substantial public buildings always face the problems of which existing buildings should be selected for adaptation. A tool is required to aid them to prioritise existing buildings based on their adaptation potential. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a model which acts as a tool for the policy decision makers to perform the challenging work of prioritising the existing public housing for adaption. This research presents a conceptual framework for assessing adaptation potential of existing public housing in Singapore and discusses its validation process. The results show that the proposed approach is effective in estimating the adaptation potential of existing residential buildings. In practice, the decision makers can use this model to rank existing buildings' adaptation potential and select those buildings with high potential for adaptation, with the intention to optimise the allocation of a tight building adaptation budget. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT},
	author = {Teo, EAL and Lin, GM},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1370--1379},
}

@article{aschwanden_agent_2012,
	title = {Agent based evaluation of dynamic city models {A} combination of human decision processes and an emission model for transportation based on acceleration and instantaneous speed},
	volume = {22},
	doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2011.07.001},
	abstract = {This project presents a simulation tool to evaluate procedurally generated 3D city models with a set of agents representing pedestrians, the environment and urban street actors towards greenhouse gas emission from transportation. This empiric tool for architects and urban planners analyses, predicts and quantifies traffic fluctuations over time, and define the number of pedestrians, individual traffic and public transport in each area and street of a city. Examples show that the allocation of functions within a city contributes to the appearance of traffic congestion and therefore emissions. This tool simulates the decisions and returns information about the path occupants take and their individual experiences such as stress, effort and deviations. This allows planners to evaluate their design before implementation in an empirical way. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION},
	author = {Aschwanden, GDPA and Wullschleger, T and Muller, H and Schmitt, G},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {81--89},
}

@article{liu_data-driven_2020,
	title = {Data-{Driven} {Concept} {Network} for {Inspiring} {Designers}' {Idea} {Generation}},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1115/1.4046207},
	abstract = {Big-data mining brings new challenges and opportunities for engineering design, such as customer-needs mining, sentiment analysis, knowledge discovery, etc. At the early phase of conceptual design, designers urgently need to synthesize their own internal knowledge and wide external knowledge to solve design problems. However, on the one hand, it is time-consuming and laborious for designers to manually browse massive volumes of web documents and scientific literature to acquire external knowledge. On the other hand, how to extract concepts and discover meaningful concept associations automatically and accurately from these textual data to inspire designers' idea generation? To address the above problems, we propose a novel data-driven concept network based on machine learning to capture design concepts and meaningful concept combinations as useful knowledge by mining the web documents and literature, which is further exploited to inspire designers to generate creative ideas. Moreover, the proposed approach contains three key steps: concept vector representation based on machine learning, semantic distance quantification based on concept clustering, and possible concept combinations based on natural language processing technologies, which is expected to provide designers with inspirational stimuli to solve design problems. A demonstration of conceptual design for detecting the fault location in transmission lines has been taken to validate the practicability and effectiveness of this approach.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING},
	author = {Liu, QY and Wang, K and Li, Y and Liu, Y},
	year = {2020},
}

@article{sharma_need_2018,
	title = {The {Need} for an {Integrated} {Land}-{Lake}-{Atmosphere} {Modeling} {System}, {Exemplified} by {North} {America}'s {Great} {Lakes} {Region}},
	volume = {6},
	doi = {10.1029/2018EF000870},
	abstract = {In the face of future climate change, it is prudent to seek sustainable adaptation strategies to address regional and local impacts. These impacts are multidimensional, involving interdependencies between systems (weather, urban land use, agriculture, etc.) that are typically modeled independently. To achieve a holistic understanding and thus identify more effective strategies for addressing and/or mitigating impacts, an integrated interdisciplinary research approach is essential. Here we discuss the broader challenges and threats faced by regions encompassing large bodies of water. We illustrate with North America's Great Lakes region, discussing how an integrated model of atmosphere, land, and lake could provide critical information to inform decisions. We stress the need to include input from diverse stakeholders in the development of tools to ensure the quality and usability of impact assessments. Research investments toward such capabilities should engage multiple disciplines including atmospheric sciences, hydrodynamics, hydrology, and biogeochemistry as well as data analytics and modeling. Also, detailed measurement and documentation of urban and agricultural land use, lake surface temperature and ice-cover, and observations of energy and mass exchanges at the interfaces of atmosphere, land, and water are needed. We envision the development of an integrated set of modeling tools that will improve both the utility of weather forecasts and long-term climate projections of the impacts on ecosystem sustainability, hydrometeorological extremes, engineering design, human health, and socioeconomic systems. Such a modeling system can serve as a template for other regions with cities, large lakes, inland seas, and coastlines facing similar kinds of climate change impacts.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {EARTHS FUTURE},
	author = {Sharma, A and Hamlet, AF and Fernando, HJS and Catlett, CE and Horton, DE and Kotamarthi, VR and Kristovich, DAR and Packman, AI and Tank, JL and Wuebbles, DJ},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1366--1379},
}

@article{lee_learning_2014,
	title = {Learning with desktop virtual reality: {Low} spatial ability learners are more positively affected},
	volume = {79},
	doi = {10.1016/j.compedu.2014.07.010},
	abstract = {This study aims to verify the learning effectiveness of a desktop virtual reality (VR)-based learning environment, and to investigate the effects of desktop VR-based learning environment on learners with different spatial abilities. The learning outcome was measured cognitively through academic performance. A quasi pretest-posttest experimental design was employed for this study. A total of 431 high school students from four randomly selected schools participated in this study where they were randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups based on intact classes. Findings indicate a significant difference in the performance achievement between the two groups with students performed better using desktop virtual reality. A possible explanation is that the desktop virtual reality instructional intervention has helped to reduce extraneous cognitive load and engages learners in active processing of instructional material to increase germane cognitive load. A significant interaction effect was found between the learning mode and spatial ability with regard to the performance achievement. Further analysis shows a significant difference in the performance of low spatial ability learners in the experimental and control groups, but no statistically significant difference in the performance of high spatial learners in both groups. The results signify that low spatial ability learners' performance, compared with high spatial ability learners, appeared to be more positively affected by the desktop VR-based learning environment which is supported by the ability-as-compensator hypothesis, and can be explained by the cognitive load theory. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {COMPUTERS \& EDUCATION},
	author = {Lee, EAL and Wong, KW},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {49--58},
}

@article{sirbu_participatory_2015,
	title = {Participatory {Patterns} in an {International} {Air} {Quality} {Monitoring} {Initiative}},
	volume = {10},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0136763},
	abstract = {The issue of sustainability is at the top of the political and societal agenda, being considered of extreme importance and urgency. Human individual action impacts the environment both locally (e.g., local air/water quality, noise disturbance) and globally (e.g., climate change, resource use). Urban environments represent a crucial example, with an increasing realization that the most effective way of producing a change is involving the citizens themselves in monitoring campaigns (a citizen science bottom-up approach). This is possible by developing novel technologies and IT infrastructures enabling large citizen participation. Here, in the wider framework of one of the first such projects, we show results from an international competition where citizens were involved in mobile air pollution monitoring using low cost sensing devices, combined with a web-based game to monitor perceived levels of pollution. Measures of shift in perceptions over the course of the campaign are provided, together with insights into participatory patterns emerging from this study. Interesting effects related to inertia and to direct involvement in measurement activities rather than indirect information exposure are also highlighted, indicating that direct involvement can enhance learning and environmental awareness. In the future, this could result in better adoption of policies towards decreasing pollution.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Sirbu, A and Becker, M and Caminiti, S and De Baets, B and Elen, B and Francis, L and Gravino, P and Hotho, A and Ingarra, S and Loreto, V and Molino, A and Mueller, J and Peters, J and Ricchiuti, F and Saracino, F and Servedio, VDP and Stumme, G and Theunis, J and Tria, F and Van den Bossche, J},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{pournaras_proof_2020,
	title = {Proof of witness presence: {Blockchain} consensus for augmented democracy in smart cities},
	volume = {145},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.06.015},
	abstract = {Smart Cities evolve into complex and pervasive urban environments with a citizens' mandate to meet sustainable development goals. Repositioning democratic values of citizens' choices in these complex ecosystems has turned out to be imperative in an era of social media filter bubbles, fake news and opportunities for manipulating electoral results with such means. This paper introduces a new paradigm of augmented democracy that promises actively engaging citizens in a more informed decision-making augmented into public urban space. The proposed concept is inspired by a digital revive of the Ancient Agora of Athens, an arena of public discourse, a Polis where citizens assemble to actively deliberate and collectively decide about public matters. The core contribution of the proposed paradigm is the concept of proving witness presence: making decision-making subject of providing secure evidence and testifying for choices made in the physical space. This paper shows how the challenge of proving witness presence can be tackled with blockchain consensus to empower citizens' trust and overcome security vulnerabilities of GPS localization. Moreover, a novel platform for collective decision-making and crowd-sensing in urban space is introduced: Smart Agora. It is shown how real-time collective measurements over citizens' choices can be made in a fully decentralized and privacy-preserving way. Witness presence is tested by deploying a decentralized system for crowd-sensing the sustainable use of transport means. Furthermore, witness presence of cycling risk is validated using official accident data from public authorities, which are compared against wisdom of the crowd. The paramount role of dynamic consensus, self-governance and ethically aligned artificial intelligence in the augmented democracy paradigm is outlined. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING},
	author = {Pournaras, E},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {160--175},
}

@article{rivet_achieving_2004,
	title = {Achieving standards in urban systemic reform: {An} example of a sixth grade project-based science curriculum},
	volume = {41},
	doi = {10.1002/tea.20021},
	abstract = {A challenge for urban systemic reform initiatives in science education has been to achieve local, state, and national standards for teaching and learning. We have collaborated with teachers in the Detroit Public School System to design project-based curriculum materials that contextualize the learning of science in meaningful real-world problems, engage students in science inquiry, and use learning technologies. We present a sixth grade project-based science unit in which students explored the driving question "How Do Machines Help Me Build Big Things?" and address the science learning goals of balanced and unbalanced forces, simple and complex machines, and mechanical advantage. Twenty-four teachers and over 2500 students in Detroit participated in enactments of this project over 4 years. Student learning outcomes were determined for the three learning goals and inquiry process skills using pre- and postachievement tests. Achievement outcomes as measured by the pre/posttest show significant and consistently high learning gains, even as participation in the project increased to include greater numbers of teachers and students in successive enactments, and leadership of the professional development support for this project transitioned from university researchers to district teacher leaders. These results illustrate that materials which contextualize learning and support student inquiry as part of an urban systemic reform effort can promote learning of important and meaningful science content aligned with standards. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING},
	author = {Rivet, AE and Krajcik, JS},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {669--692},
}

@article{hu_bringing_2003,
	title = {{BRINGING} {FORWARD} {OF} {THE} {CONCEPT} {OF} {COGIS} {AND} {ITS} {ARCHITECTURE} {RESEARCH}},
	volume = {13},
	doi = {10.1007/s11769-003-0090-8},
	abstract = {Based on the analysis of the development of GIS technology and application, this paper brought forward the concept of CoGIS, namely Cooperative GIS. CoGIS is GIS facing group-users and supporting human-human interaction, which makes it differ from the former GISs. Then, the characteristics of general Computer Support Cooperative Work (CSCW) applications and the complexity of Geographic Information Science were analyzed, and the conclusion that CoGIS was not a simple GIS layer on CSCW was reached. Further, this paper gave the hierarchical architecture of CoGIS, and analyzed the cooperative platform in detail from the following: 1) basic elements; 2) collaboration patterns; 3) cooperation control mechanism; 4) synchronization mechanism; 5) security and 6) group communication and so on. With those, the problems about GIS applications are discussed, such as l) distributed multi-source GIS information and knowledge sharing platform; 2) the fusion and visualization of GIS information; 3) virtual reality cooperative modeling; 4) dynamic simulation; 5) expert system and 6) decision-making. Finally, this paper analyzed CoGIS application mode in brief.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {CHINESE GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE},
	author = {Hu, XL and Cheng, CQ and Wu, DW and Ma, AN},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {84--90},
}

@article{rajasekaram_computer_2003,
	title = {Computer support for implementation of a systemic approach to water conflict resolution},
	volume = {28},
	doi = {10.1080/02508060308691723},
	abstract = {Water is an important factor in conflicts among stakeholders at the local, regional, and even international level. Water conflicts have taken many forms, but they almost always arise from the fact that the freshwater resources of the world are not partitioned to match the political borders, nor are they evenly distributed in space and time. Two or more countries share the watersheds of 261 major rivers and nearly half of the land area of the world is in international river basins. Water has been used as a military and political goal. Water has been a weapon of war and water systems have been targets during the war A systemic approach has been taken in this research to approach resolution of conflicts over water By helping stakeholders to explore and resolve the underlying structural causes of conflict our approach offers a significant opportunity for its resolution. We define the five main functional activities for assisting the conflict resolution process as: (i) communication; (ii) problem formulation; (iii) data gathering and information generation; (iv) information sharing; and (v) evaluation of consequences. A computerized technical support is developed in the form of the Conflict Resolution Support System (CRSS) for implementation of a systemic approach to water conflicts. Its principal components include an artificial intelligence-based communication system, a database management system, and a model base management system. At this stage of the development, the model base management system consists of tools for multipurpose reservoir operation, river flow routing, multi-criteria decision-making, spatial data analysis, and other general utilities. A hypothetical river basin with potential conflict between stakeholders with respect to water sharing and flood control is used to demonstrate the utility of the new approach and the computer system developed for its implementation.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {WATER INTERNATIONAL},
	author = {Rajasekaram, V and Simonovic, SP and Nandalal, KDW},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {454--466},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-08-09 10:47:54)(Select): Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologyin the CRSS makes the communication as close as possible to the communication between humans. Literaturedocuments application of different AI components withvarying types of intelligence in the development of computerized support systems. Typical cases include systemswith knowledge base and learning (Maes, 1994), systemsusing memory based reasoning (Lashkari et al., 1994), andthe use of advanced genetic algorithms (Oliver, 1996). AIbased communication is closely associated with NaturalLanguage Processing (NLP) in which a human-initiatedsentence is processed to a machine-readable form, and amachine-generated sentence is converted into human-readable form. NLP incorporates different search algorithms,heuristic methods, and knowledge representation techniquesto understand and generate sentences (Conlon et al., 1993).;},
}

@article{do_drawing_2002,
	title = {Drawing marks, acts, and reacts: {Toward} a computational sketching interface for architectural design},
	volume = {16},
	doi = {10.1017/S0890060402163037},
	abstract = {Architects use sketching and diagramming in their design process to perform functional reasoning, formal arrangements, analogy transfer, structure mapping, and knowledge acquisition. This paper describes a research framework of the author's efforts in the studies of design drawings and the building of computational sketching tools to support the early conceptual design process in architecture. The first part of the paper discusses empirical studies conducted to determine or guess a designer's thought process from sketches and thus identifies domain-specific graphical symbols. It proposes a reasoning process framework of drawing marks, acts, and reacts. The second part of the paper illustrates how design support tools could be developed based on these concepts and describes the various applications of the study, such as indexing and retrieving of design drawings or images based on the recognition of geometric shapes and the spatial relationships among them.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {AI EDAM-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING},
	author = {Do, EYL},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {149--171},
}

@article{chigbu_participatory_2016,
	title = {Participatory rapid co-design for transformative resource governance research in the {Gulf} of {Guinea}},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2016.04.002},
	abstract = {Weak governance institutions are one of the leading causes of resource challenge in the Gulf of Guinea. The literature has overwhelmingly focused on incremental adjustments in institutions and resource management practices as possible solutions. This article calls for a transformative approach. It uses data from case studies from four Gulf of Guinea countries to present a framework for creating transformative change through resource governance. The particular focus of this article is the co-design phase. It discusses a participatory and rapid co-design approach which was used to explore pathways for achieving transformative resource governance. One of its conclusions is that transformative resource governance is a process, rather than an end, and emerges from productive engagement between governments and local communities.},
	journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
	author = {Chigbu, UE and Masum, F and de Vries, WT and Siegert, F and Mekuria, ZA and Sakaria, P and Agboeze, AI and Assoua, KL and Ntiador, AM and Mulenga, C and Amelia, A and Kakulu, II and Faria, P and Adjue, J and Kaghoma, C},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {15--20},
}

@article{sorensen_windy_2014,
	title = {Windy {Ridge}: {A} neighborhood built to fail},
	volume = {51},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.03.005},
	abstract = {This paper presents lessons learned from the development process of Windy Ridge, a subdivision in Charlotte, North Carolina, that drew national media attention as a community destined to be "The Next Slum" (Atlantic Monthly 2008). The development was aided by a city as growth machine environment that failed this and other neighborhoods through the lapse of proper planning oversight. Rather than laying the blame of high foreclosures at the feet of financial institutions that engaged in high-risk and predatory lending practices, or homeowners who bought more home than they could afford, this paper looks deeper to address both the social and physical decay of the neighborhood. Using a mixed-methods research approach, we uncovered a variety of contributing and enabling factors that led to high foreclosure rates, rapid neighborhood decline, and disparate impacts on low-income populations. We examine public policy, civic culture, development and land-use regulations, and homeownership patterns through Windy Ridge's political, spatial and economic geography. Because homes in Windy Ridge were marketed to investors and in package deals, the neighborhood was highly vulnerable to financial collapse as the Great Recession of the 2000s set in. This case study provides important implications for planning and land development policy. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {APPLIED GEOGRAPHY},
	author = {Sorensen, J and Gamez, J and Currie, M},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {8--25},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-08-02 11:47:18)(Select):  the market failed this neighborhood in many ways – from real estate and lending practices to the geography of housing that concentrated and isolated poverty. Windy Ridge was doomed from the start – surrounded by industrial and hazardous land uses, isolated from transportation and support services, poorly designed with few amenities to maintain property values or to support healthy lifestyle choices, t;},
}

@article{li_warehousevis_2020,
	title = {{WarehouseVis}: {A} {Visual} {Analytics} {Approach} to {Facilitating} {Warehouse} {Location} {Selection} for {Business} {Districts}},
	volume = {39},
	doi = {10.1111/cgf.13996},
	abstract = {Selecting a proper warehouse location serving to satisfy the demands of the goods from a certain business area is important to a successful retail business. However, the large solution space, uncertain traffic conditions, and varying business preferences impose great challenges on warehouse location selection. Conventional approaches mainly summarize relevant evaluation criteria and compile them into an analysis report to facilitate rapid data absorption but fail to support a comprehensive and joint decision-making process in warehouse location selection. In this paper, we propose a visual analytics approach to facilitating warehouse location selection. We first visually centralize relevant information of warehouses and adapts a widely-used methodology to efficiently rank warehouse candidates. We then design a delivering estimation model based on massive logistics trajectories to resolve the uncertainty issue of traffic conditions of warehouses. Based on these techniques, an interactive framework is proposed to generate and explore the candidate warehouses. We conduct a case study and a within-subject study with baseline systems to assess the efficacy of our system. Experts' feedback also suggests that our approach indeed helps them better tackle the problem of finding an ideal warehouse in the field of retail logistics management.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM},
	author = {Li, Q and Liu, QQ and Tang, CF and Li, ZW and Wei, SC and Peng, XR and Zheng, MH and Chen, TJ and Yang, Q},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {483--495},
}

@article{deadman_role_1994,
	title = {A {ROLE} {FOR} {GOAL}-{ORIENTED} {AUTONOMOUS} {AGENTS} {IN} {MODELING} {PEOPLE} {ENVIRONMENT} {INTERACTIONS} {IN} {FOREST} {RECREATION}},
	volume = {20},
	doi = {10.1016/0895-7177(94)90236-4},
	abstract = {Increased demand by the public for diverse and quality recreation opportunities has placed considerable pressure on the natural resource and its management.  This problem is compounded by a general lack of understanding of interactions between people and forest recreation environments that result in wide variations in perceptions, expectations, and patterns of choice and use.  Emerging technologies, such as distributed artificial intelligence, provide a mechanism to integrate advances in recreation research with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based environment.  Distributed artificial intelligence provides the foundation for a modeling system to simulate the interactions between recreators and their environment.  Despite the work done by many researchers in the development of object-oriented modeling and simulation languages, GIS, nonhuman agent design and simulations, no single system has been constructed to handle the complexity of goal-oriented autonomous human agents seeking recreational opportunities in natural environments.  This paper describes a theoretical framework and a model for simulating hiker behavior in a natural environment using intelligent agents, discrete event simulation (DEVS) and GIS data.  The results of hiker interactions are summarized to provide feedback on the implications for alternative recreation management planning.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING},
	author = {DEADMAN, P and GIMBLETT, RH},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {121--133},
}

@article{mashi_community_2020,
	title = {Community perception, response and adaptation strategies towards flood risk in a traditional {African} city},
	volume = {103},
	doi = {10.1007/s11069-020-04052-2},
	abstract = {In many world cities, flood incidences are on the increase due to climate change and increasing urbanization. Relying on structural flood control measures is becoming unsustainable, and new approaches revolving around improved land use planning, relocation, proofing, forecasting, warning and insurance are being advocated. These new measures require increasing understanding of the socioeconomic, cultural and political drivers that influence city dwellers' flood risks perception and adaptation. Unfortunately, public perception of flood risk and flood risk information is often overlooked when developing flood risk management plans. For Many cities, not much is known about peoples' flood risk awareness and perception, how much resilient they are, what adaptive capacities they possess and what socioeconomic, cultural and political drivers influence their risk perception and adaptive capacities. This was investigated in Katsina city of Nigeria through a questionnaire survey of 290 households, complemented with field observations and interviews. Results showed that the respondents in general have a fairly good perception of the nature, causes and consequences of flooding. However, flood-conveying structures were inadequate, with the few in most cases largely being used as waste-disposal sites. There was inadequate coordination between institutional stakeholders responsible for physical planning, waste and emergency management in the area. The respondents undertake some small-scale, ineffectively coordinated household-level proactive actions to minimize flood impacts, but no community-level flood early warning system exists. These create high flood-risks in the area and limit the flood resilience. Socio-cultural and income factors were the main determinants of flood adaptation, as the larger households with heads that are older and richer adopt more adaptation. However, there is general over-reliance on institutional bodies to provide and maintain flood-resilience promoting structures in the study area. Recommendation was made that a system needs to be put in place to incorporate some more robust preventive actions to bring about flexibility in flood management. To particularly be incorporated here include improved early warming, synchronous functioning of stakeholders, adequate physical planning, urban renewal, effective urban governance including harnessing of local social capital, increased community collaborative actions and use of local knowledge.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {NATURAL HAZARDS},
	author = {Mashi, SA and Inkani, AI and Obaro, O and Asanarimam, AS},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1727--1759},
}

@article{mckay_spatial_2012,
	title = {Spatial grammar implementation: {From} theory to useable software},
	volume = {26},
	doi = {10.1017/S0890060412000042},
	abstract = {Currently available computer-aided design tools provide strong support for the later stages of product development processes where the structure and shape of the design have been fixed. Support for earlier stages of product development, when both the structure and shape of the design are still fluid, demands conceptual design tools that support designers' ways of thinking and working, and enhance creativity, for example, by offering design alternatives, difficult or not, possible without the use of such tools. The potential of spatial grammars as a technology to support such design tools has been demonstrated through experimental research prototypes since the 1970s. In this paper, we provide a review of recent spatial grammar implementations, which were presented in the Design Computing and Cognition 2010 workshop on which this paper is based, in the light of requirements for conceptual design tools and identify future research directions in both research and design education.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {AI EDAM-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING},
	author = {McKay, A and Chase, S and Shea, K and Chau, HH},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {143--159},
}

@article{garnier_promoting_2017,
	title = {Promoting {Sketching} in {Introductory} {Geoscience} {Courses}: {CogSketch} {Geoscience} {Worksheets}},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.1111/tops.12291},
	abstract = {Research from cognitive science and geoscience education has shown that sketching can improve spatial thinking skills and facilitate solving spatially complex problems. Yet sketching is rarely implemented in introductory geosciences courses, due to time needed to grade sketches and lack of materials that incorporate cognitive science research. Here, we report a design-centered, collaborative effort, between geoscientists, cognitive scientists, and artificial intelligence (AI) researchers, to characterize spatial learning challenges in geoscience and to design sketch activities that use a sketch-understanding program, CogSketch. We developed 26 CogSketch worksheets that use cognitive science-based principles to scaffold problem solving of spatially complex geoscience problems and report observations of an implementation in an introductory geoscience course where students used CogSketch or human-graded paper worksheets. Overall, this research highlights the principles of interdisciplinary design between cognitive scientists, geoscientists, and AI researchers that can inform the collaborative design process for others aiming to develop effective educational materials.In their paper Promoting sketching in introductory geoscience courses: CogSketch geoscience worksheets,- Garnier and colleagues provide details on how an interdisciplinary team used CogSketch to produce Sketch Worksheets in undergraduate geoscience education. In a field trial over a semester they were able to increase the frequency in which sketching assignments were set (as they no longer needed to be hand marked). Moreover, they were able to design exercises which permitted student interactions with their sketches in ways that are beneficial and not possible with pen and paper.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {TOPICS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE},
	author = {Garnier, B and Chang, M and Ormand, C and Matlen, B and Tikoff, B and Shipley, TF},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {943--969},
}

@article{auerbach_coupling_2020,
	title = {Coupling data science with community crowdsourcing for urban renewal policy analysis: {An} evaluation of {Atlanta}'s {Anti}-{Displacement} {Tax} {Fund}},
	volume = {47},
	doi = {10.1177/2399808318819847},
	abstract = {We estimate the cost and impact of a proposed anti-displacement program in the Westside of Atlanta (GA) with data science and machine learning techniques. This program intends to fully subsidize property tax increases for eligible residents of neighborhoods where there are two major urban renewal projects underway, a stadium and a multi-use trail. We first estimate household-level income eligibility for the program with data science and machine learning approaches applied to publicly available household-level data. We then forecast future property appreciation due to urban renewal projects using random forests with historic tax assessment data. Combining these projections with household-level eligibility, we estimate the costs of the program for different eligibility scenarios. We find that our household-level data and machine learning techniques result in fewer eligible homeowners but significantly larger program costs, due to higher property appreciation rates than the original analysis, which was based on census and city-level data. Our methods have limitations, namely incomplete data sets, the accuracy of representative income samples, the availability of characteristic training set data for the property tax appreciation model, and challenges in validating the model results. The eligibility estimates and property appreciation forecasts we generated were also incorporated into an interactive tool for residents to determine program eligibility and view their expected increases in home values. Community residents have been involved with this work and provided greater transparency, accountability, and impact of the proposed program. Data collected from residents can also correct and update the information, which would increase the accuracy of the program estimates and validate the modeling, leading to a novel application of community-driven data science.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-URBAN ANALYTICS AND CITY SCIENCE},
	author = {Auerbach, J and Blackburn, C and Barton, H and Meng, A and Zegura, E},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1081--1097},
}

@incollection{land_human_2020,
	title = {Human {Rights} and {Technology}: {New} {Challenges} for {Justice} and {Accountability}},
	volume = {16},
	abstract = {This review surveys contemporary challenges in the field of technology and human rights. The increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) in decision making in the public and private sectors-e.g., in criminal justice, employment, public service, and financial contexts-poses significant threats to human rights. AI obscures and attenuates responsibility for harms in ways that undermine traditional mechanisms for holding wrongdoers accountable. Further, technologies that scholars and practitioners once thought would democratize human rights fact finding have been weaponized by state and non-state actors. They are now used to surveil and track citizens and spread disinformation that undermines public trust in knowledge. Addressing these challenges requires efforts to ensure that the development and implementation of new technologies respects and promotes human rights. Traditional distinctions between public and private must be updated to remain relevant in the face of deeply enmeshed state and corporate action in connection with technological innovation.},
	booktitle = {{ANNUAL} {REVIEW} {OF} {LAW} {AND} {SOCIAL} {SCIENCE}, {VOL} 16},
	author = {Land, MK and Aronson, JD},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: ANNUAL REVIEW OF LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, VOL 16},
	pages = {223--240},
}

@article{arentze_integration_1995,
	title = {The integration of expert knowledge in decision support systems for facility location planning},
	volume = {19},
	doi = {10.1016/0198-9715(95)00026-7},
	abstract = {The integration of expert systems in DSS has led to a new generation of systems commonly referred to as knowledge-based or intelligent DSS. This paper investigates the use of expert system technology for the development of a knowledge-based DSS for the planning of retail and service facilities. The forms of knowledge involved in planning tasks are identified and organized in four layers. The layers describe the states and events in the facility system (the domain layer), their interrelationships (the inferential layer), procedures for solving well-defined subproblems (the task layer) and strategies for approaching the overall problem (the strategic layer). The potentials of decision tables for representing qualitative and complex knowledge is discussed and illustrated with applications in the field of retail planning. It is shown that expert knowledge from each of the four layers can be used to improve the modelling capabilities and intelligence of a DSS. The result is a powerful and flexible DSS that supports planning at the domain, inferential, task and strategic level dependent on the preference of the decision maker and characteristics of the problem.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {COMPUTERS ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS},
	author = {Arentze, TA and Borgers, AWJ and Timmermans, HJF},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {227--247},
}

@incollection{da_silva_spadd_1998,
	title = {{SpADD}: {An} active design documentation framework extension applied to spatial layout design problems},
	volume = {1484},
	abstract = {Spatial layout design problems are related to grouping objects with similar properties, assigning objects to pre-defined groups, positioning objects in a constrained space, as well as finding a path connecting certain objects in a tri-dimensional world. Representation, reasoning and documentation for spatial layout design problems are expensive, inconsistent, incomplete and imprecise. This paper proposes a framework called SpADD (Spatial Active Design Documentation) to assist designers in spatial layout design tasks, from a set of objects and a set of spatial constraints relating these objects. SpADD is based on an ADD (Active Design Documentation) approach extension, a canonical parametric network model, an engineering decision-making model and an object oriented class model applied to spatial layout design tasks. Initial results of using an implemented version of SpADD for preliminary design of oil pipeline layout in deep water oil fields are discussed.},
	booktitle = {{PROGRESS} {IN} {ARTIFICIAL} {INTELLIGENCE}-{IBERAMIA} 98},
	author = {da Silva, CL and Garcia, ACB},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Journal Abbreviation: PROGRESS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-IBERAMIA 98},
	pages = {337--348},
}

@article{lock_social_2020,
	title = {Social media as passive geo-participation in transportation planning - how effective are topic modeling \& sentiment analysis in comparison with citizen surveys?},
	volume = {23},
	doi = {10.1080/10095020.2020.1815596},
	abstract = {We live in an era of rapid urbanization as many cities are experiencing an unprecedented rate of population growth and congestion. Public transport is playing an increasingly important role in urban mobility with a need to move people and goods efficiently around the city. With such pressures on existing public transportation systems, this paper investigates the opportunities to use social media to more effectively engage with citizens and customers using such services. This research forms a case study of the use of passively collected forms of big data in cities - focusing on Sydney, Australia. Firstly, it examines social media data (Tweets) related to public transport performance. Secondly, it joins this to longitudinal big data - delay information continuously broadcast by the network over a year, thus forming hundreds of millions of data artifacts. Topics, tones, and sentiment are modeled using machine learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. These resulting data, and models, are compared to opinions derived from a citizen survey among users. The validity of such data and models versus the intentions of users, in the context of systems that monitor and improve transport performance, are discussed. As such, key recommendations for developing Smart Cities were formed in an applied research context based on these data and techniques.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {GEO-SPATIAL INFORMATION SCIENCE},
	author = {Lock, O and Pettit, C},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {275--292},
}

@article{kumar_methodology_2021,
	title = {Methodology for {Framing} {Indicators} for {Assessing} {Economic}-{Socio}-{Cultural} {Sustainability} of the {Neighbourhood} {Level} {Urban} {Communities} in {Indian} {Megacities}: {Evidence} from {Kolkata}},
	volume = {154},
	doi = {10.1007/s11205-020-02559-6},
	abstract = {This study presents a comprehensive methodological framework for assessing the economic-socio-cultural (ESC) sustainability of neighborhood-level urban communities (NLUCs) in Kolkata, India. The present study aims to propose a set of indicators through a top-down approach that meets certain criteria for assessing ESC sustainability in specific contexts. In the initial phase, the framework has used a set of existing indicators and tools to measure sustainability. Subsequently, the study has categorized the indicators to measure ESC sustainability based on the assessment of an expert opinion for which the Delphi technique has been employed. Grey relational analysis and RIDIT test have been instigated to validate the importance of the selected sustainability indicators and determine the relationships among the indicators. At the decisive stage, the VIF test is conducted followed by employing Random Forest Classifier, a supervised machine-learning algorithm to identify the redundant indicators. The variables that will be contributing positively towards the prediction performance of the model were included in the final list of indicators. This study prepared the base for designing a model for assessing the ESC sustainability of both planned and unplanned NLUCs.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH},
	author = {Kumar, S and Bhaumik, S and Banerji, H},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {511--544},
	annote = {Jiaxin Du (2021-08-05 00:10:29)(Select): choose indicators;},
}

@article{white_interdisciplinary_2010,
	title = {Interdisciplinary approaches for the management of existing and emerging human-wildlife conflicts},
	volume = {37},
	doi = {10.1071/WR10191},
	abstract = {Human-wildlife conflicts are increasing throughout the world, principally due to a combination of human population growth, increased pressure on land and natural resources and climate change. Many human-wildlife conflicts stem from differences in objectives between various stakeholder groups, especially where the wildlife in question is a resource that can be exploited for economic or cultural benefit, or where the conservation of wildlife is at odds with human population growth or development pressure. Conflicts can be exacerbated by an incomplete understanding of their causes and/or inappropriate intervention measures. Many traditional forms of intervention are also subject to increasing scrutiny and criticism from society. Here, we highlight the potential strategic benefits that can be made by an interdisciplinary approach to human-wildlife conflict situations, by integrating knowledge and understanding across the natural and social sciences. We also stress the potential tactical benefits from combining new approaches to management with more traditional ones. We emphasise the potential contribution of more recent developments in decision-making under conditions of limited data availability and uncertainty. Finally, we recommend that monitoring should play a more prominent role, both in assessing the role of stakeholder engagement in participatory decision-making and in contributing to the evidence base that will allow competing hypotheses about specific systems to be evaluated in an iterative manner.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {WILDLIFE RESEARCH},
	author = {White, PCL and Ward, AI},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {623--629},
}

@article{papa_learning_2017,
	title = {The learning process of accessibility instrument developers: {Testing} the tools in planning practice},
	volume = {104},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.010},
	abstract = {Many planning support tools have recently been developed aimed at measuring and modelling accessibility (Accessibility Instrument or Al). The main difficulty for tool developers is designing an AI that is at the same time technically rigorous and usable in practice. Measuring accessibility is indeed a complex task, and AI outputs are difficult to communicate to target end-users, in particular, because these users are professionals from several disciplines with different languages and areas of expertise, such as urban geographers, spatial planners, transport planners, and budgeting professionals. In addition to this, AI developers seem to have little awareness of the needs of AI end-users, which in turn tend to have limited ability for using these tools. Against this complex background, our research focuses on the viewpoint of AI developers, with two aims: (1) to provide insights into how AI developers perceive their tools and (2) to understand how their perceptions might change after testing their AI with end-users. With this in mind, an analysis of 15 case studies was performed: groups of end-users tested different AI in structured workshops. Before and after the workshops, two questionnaires explored the Al developers' perceptions on the tools and their usability. The paper demonstrates that the workshops with end-users were critical for developers to appreciate the importance of specific characteristics the tool should have, namely practical relevance, flexibility, and ease of use. The study provides evidence that AI developers were prone to change their perceptions about AI after interacting directly with end-users. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	journal = {TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE},
	author = {Papa, E and Coppola, P and Angiello, G and Carpentieri, G},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {108--120},
}

@article{tian_blockchain-based_2021,
	title = {A blockchain-based evaluation approach for customer delivery satisfaction in sustainable urban logistics},
	volume = {59},
	doi = {10.1080/00207543.2020.1809733},
	abstract = {The rapid development of urbanisation and the ever-changing consumers' demands are constantly changing the urban logistics industry, imposing challenges on logistics service providers to improve customer satisfaction which is one of the indicators for the sustainability of urban logistics. Existing customer satisfaction evaluations are based on a questionnaire survey, which is time-consuming and labour intensive. Moreover, the logistics data are confidential and can only be accessed by the stakeholders in existing logistics models, causing the problem of information non-transparency among logistics enterprises and the third authorities like banks and governments, which may hinder the sustainable development of urban logistics. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based evaluation approach for customer satisfaction in the context of urban logistics. Four criteria affecting customer satisfaction in urban logistics are identified. A machine learning algorithm Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is adopted to predict customer satisfaction in the future period. The implementation is demonstrated to illustrate the proposed approach. A smart contract is designed for compensation and/or refund to customers when their satisfaction with the delivery services is at a low level.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH},
	author = {Tian, ZG and Zhong, RY and Barenji, AV and Wang, YT and Li, Z and Rong, YM},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {2229--2249},
}

@article{shin_impact_2021,
	title = {Impact of ownership and architectural design on property disputes in multi-owned buildings},
	volume = {112},
	doi = {10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102371},
	abstract = {With the trend towards increased property disputes in multi-owned buildings (MOBs), a greater focus is needed on dispute management to prevent huge litigation costs, high-stress levels, and disharmony in urban communities. Existing studies have recognized that pinpointing sources of disputes allows proactively minimizing dispute occurrence and influence. Ownership structure and architectural design of MOBs are viewed as the critical sources, but the effects of their detailed aspects on disputes remain unclear. This study aims to identify ownership and architectural factors of MOBs impacting on the incidence and intensity of disputes within communities in the property. It first defines crucial MOB factors causing disputes and a measurement model of the dispute intensity in the context of Victoria, Australia. It then investigates relationships between the factors and the intensity by employing Boosted Classification Tree, a machine learning technique, for 101 tribunal cases. This research confirms six factors highly associated with the dispute intensity: design of common areas, ownership space boundaries, ownership space arrangement, allocation of co-ownership share, design of individual units, and accessory spaces for each unit. The results shed light on MOB factors to be controlled at planning stages for mitigating disputes and their influence.},
	journal = {HABITAT INTERNATIONAL},
	author = {Shin, J and Rajabifard, A and Kalantari, M and Atazadeh, B},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{ibrahim_gender_2021,
	title = {Gender {Imbalance} and {Spatiotemporal} {Patterns} of {Contributions} to {Citizen} {Science} {Projects}: {The} {Case} of {Zooniverse}},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.3389/fphy.2021.650720},
	abstract = {Citizen Science is research undertaken by professional scientists and members of the public collaboratively. Despite numerous benefits of citizen science for both the advancement of science and the community of the citizen scientists, there is still no comprehensive knowledge of patterns of contributions, and the demography of contributors to citizen science projects. In this paper we provide a first overview of spatiotemporal and gender distribution of citizen science workforce by analyzing 54 million classifications contributed by more than 340 thousand citizen science volunteers from 198 countries to one of the largest online citizen science platforms, Zooniverse. First we report on the uneven geographical distribution of the citizen scientist and model the variations among countries based on the socio-economic conditions as well as the level of research investment in each country. Analyzing the temporal features of contributions, we report on high "burstiness" of participation instances as well as the leisurely nature of participation suggested by the time of the day that the citizen scientists were the most active. Finally, we discuss the gender imbalance among online citizen scientists (about 30\% female) and compare it with other collaborative projects as well as the gender distribution in more formal scientific activities. Online citizen science projects need further attention from outside of the academic community, and our findings can help attract the attention of public and private stakeholders, as well as to inform the design of the platforms and science policy making processes.},
	journal = {FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS},
	author = {Ibrahim, K and Khodursky, S and Yasseri, T},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{lu_accurate_2018,
	title = {Accurate {Influenza} {Monitoring} and {Forecasting} {Using} {Novel} {Internet} {Data} {Streams}: {A} {Case} {Study} in the {Boston} {Metropolis}},
	volume = {4},
	doi = {10.2196/publichealth.8950},
	abstract = {Background: Influenza outbreaks pose major challenges to public health around the world, leading to thousands of deaths a year in the United States alone. Accurate systems that track influenza activity at the city level are necessary to provide actionable information that can be used for clinical, hospital, and community outbreak preparation.Objective: Although Internet-based real-time data sources such as Google searches and tweets have been successfully used to produce influenza activity estimates ahead of traditional health care-based systems at national and state levels, influenza tracking and forecasting at finer spatial resolutions, such as the city level, remain an open question. Our study aimed to present a precise, near real-time methodology capable of producing influenza estimates ahead of those collected and published by the Boston Public Health Commission (BPHC) for the Boston metropolitan area. This approach has great potential to be extended to other cities with access to similar data sources.Methods: We first tested the ability of Google searches, Twitter posts, electronic health records, and a crowd-sourced influenza reporting system to detect influenza activity in the Boston metropolis separately. We then adapted a multivariate dynamic regression method named ARGO (autoregression with general online information), designed for tracking influenza at the national level, and showed that it effectively uses the above data sources to monitor and forecast influenza at the city level 1 week ahead of the current date. Finally, we presented an ensemble-based approach capable of combining information from models based on multiple data sources to more robustly nowcast as well as forecast influenza activity in the Boston metropolitan area. The performances of our models were evaluated in an out-of-sample fashion over 4 influenza seasons within 2012-2016, as well as a holdout validation period from 2016 to 2017.Results: Our ensemble-based methods incorporating information from diverse models based on multiple data sources, including ARGO, produced the most robust and accurate results. The observed Pearson correlations between our out-of-sample flu activity estimates and those historically reported by the BPHC were 0.98 in nowcasting influenza and 0.94 in forecasting influenza 1 week ahead of the current date.Conclusions: We show that information from Internet-based data sources, when combined using an informed, robust methodology, can be effectively used as early indicators of influenza activity at fine geographic resolutions.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {JMIR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SURVEILLANCE},
	author = {Lu, FS and Hou, SQ and Baltrusaitis, K and Shah, M and Leskovec, J and Sosic, R and Hawkins, J and Brownstein, J and Conidi, G and Gunn, J and Gray, J and Zink, A and Santillana, M},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {31--48},
}

@article{elizalde-ramirez_travel_2019,
	title = {Travel {Plans} in {Public} {Transit} {Networks} {Using} {Artificial} {Intelligence} {Planning} {Models}},
	volume = {33},
	doi = {10.1080/08839514.2019.1582859},
	abstract = {Users of public transit networks require tools that generate travel plans to traverse them. The main issue is that public transit networks are time and space dependent. Travel plans depend on the current location of users and transit units, along with a set of user preferences and time restrictions. In this work, we propose the design and development of artificial intelligence (AI) planning models for engineering travel plans for such networks. The proposed models consider temporal actions, bus locations, and user preferences as constraints, to restrict the set of travel plans generated. Our approach decouples model design from algorithm construction, providing a greater level of flexibility and richness of solutions. We also introduce an integer linear programming formulation, and a fast preprocessing procedure, to evaluate the quality of the solutions returned by the proposed planning models. Experimental results show that AI planning models can efficiently generate close to optimal solutions. Furthermore, our analysis identifies user preferences as the most critical factor that increases solution complexity for planning models.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {APPLIED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE},
	author = {Elizalde-Ramirez, F and Nigenda, RS and Martinez-Salazar, IA and Rios-Solis, YA},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {440--461},
}

@article{dwivedi_artificial_2021,
	title = {Artificial {Intelligence} ({AI}): {Multidisciplinary} perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy},
	volume = {57},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002},
	abstract = {As far back as the industrial revolution, significant development in technical innovation has succeeded in transforming numerous manual tasks and processes that had been in existence for decades where humans had reached the limits of physical capacity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers this same transformative potential for the augmentation and potential replacement of human tasks and activities within a wide range of industrial, intellectual and social applications. The pace of change for this new AI technological age is staggering, with new breakthroughs in algorithmic machine learning and autonomous decision-making, engendering new opportunities for continued innovation. The impact of AI could be significant, with industries ranging from: finance, healthcare, manufacturing, retail, supply chain, logistics and utilities, all potentially disrupted by the onset of AI technologies. The study brings together the collective insight from a number of leading expert contributors to highlight the significant opportunities, realistic assessment of impact, challenges and potential research agenda posed by the rapid emergence of AI within a number of domains: business and management, government, public sector, and science and technology. This research offers significant and timely insight to AI technology and its impact on the future of industry and society in general, whilst recognising the societal and industrial influence on pace and direction of AI development.},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT},
	author = {Dwivedi, YK and Hughes, L and Ismagilova, E and Aarts, G and Coombs, C and Crick, T and Duan, YQ and Dwivedi, R and Edwards, J and Eirug, A and Galanos, V and Ilavarasan, PV and Janssen, M and Jones, P and Kar, AK and Kizgin, H and Kronemann, B and Lal, B and Lucini, B and Medaglia, R and Le Meunier-FitzHugh, K and Le Meunier-FitzHugh, LC and Misra, S and Mogaji, E and Sharma, SK and Singh, JB and Raghavan, V and Raman, R and Rana, NP and Samothrakis, S and Spencer, J and Tamilmani, K and Tubadji, A and Walton, P and Williams, MD},
	year = {2021},
}

@article{poorazizi_service-oriented_2015,
	title = {A service-oriented architecture to enable participatory planning: an e-planning platform},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1365-8816},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2015.1008492},
	doi = {10.1080/13658816.2015.1008492},
	number = {7},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Poorazizi, M. Ebrahim and Steiniger, Stefan and Hunter, Andrew J.S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1081--1110},
	annote = {doi: 10.1080/13658816.2015.1008492},
}

@article{wiggins_mits_1992,
	title = {{MIT}'s {Computer} {Resource} {Lab}:},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {0269-3798},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799208901914},
	doi = {10.1080/02693799208901914},
	number = {4},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Systems},
	author = {WIGGINS, LYNA L. and FERREIRA, JOSEPH},
	month = jul,
	year = {1992},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {299--307},
	annote = {doi: 10.1080/02693799208901914},
}

@article{todd_use_1992,
	title = {The use of information in decision making: {An} experimental investigation of the impact of computer-based decision aids},
	issn = {0276-7783},
	journal = {Mis Quarterly},
	author = {Todd, Peter and Benbasat, Izak},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	pages = {373--393},
}

@article{fagerholm_methodological_2021,
	title = {A methodological framework for analysis of participatory mapping data in research, planning, and management},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1365-8816},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2020.1869747},
	doi = {10.1080/13658816.2020.1869747},
	number = {9},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Fagerholm, Nora and Raymond, Christopher M. and Olafsson, Anton Stahl and Brown, Gregory and Rinne, Tiina and Hasanzadeh, Kamyar and Broberg, Anna and Kyttä, Marketta},
	month = sep,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1848--1875},
	annote = {doi: 10.1080/13658816.2020.1869747},
}

@article{united_nations_sustainable_2015,
	title = {Sustainable development goals},
	volume = {2030},
	journal = {SDGs Transform Our World},
	author = {United Nations},
	year = {2015},
}

@article{fischbacher_are_2001,
	title = {Are people conditionally cooperative? {Evidence} from a public goods experiment},
	volume = {71},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Economics letters},
	author = {Fischbacher, Urs and Gächter, Simon and Fehr, Ernst},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	pages = {397--404},
}

@article{frey_social_2004,
	title = {Social comparisons and pro-social behavior: {Testing}" conditional cooperation" in a field experiment},
	volume = {94},
	number = {5},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	author = {Frey, Bruno S and Meier, Stephan},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1717--1722},
}

@article{abbot_potential_2013,
	title = {The potential benefits of using artificial intelligence for monthly rainfall forecasting for the {Bowen} {Basin}, {Queensland}, {Australia}},
	volume = {171},
	journal = {Water Resources Management VII},
	author = {Abbot, J and Marohasy, J},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: WIT Press},
	pages = {287},
}

@article{nousdilis_impact_2020,
	title = {Impact of policy incentives on the promotion of integrated {PV} and battery storage systems: a techno-economic assessment},
	volume = {14},
	number = {7},
	journal = {IET Renewable Power Generation},
	author = {Nousdilis, Angelos I and Kryonidis, Georgios C and Kontis, Eleftherios O and Barzegkar-Ntovom, Georgios A and Panapakidis, Ioannis P and Christoforidis, Georgios C and Papagiannis, Grigoris K},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	pages = {1174--1183},
}

@inproceedings{lashkari_collaborative_1994,
	title = {Collaborative interface agents},
	volume = {94},
	booktitle = {{AAAI}},
	author = {Lashkari, Yezdi and Metral, Max and Maes, Pattie},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {444--449},
}

@article{ye_new_2016,
	title = {The new data landscape for regional and urban analysis},
	volume = {81},
	number = {6},
	journal = {GeoJournal},
	author = {Ye, Xinyue and He, Canfei},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	pages = {811--815},
}

@article{curtis_sociology_2016,
	title = {Sociology faculty members employed part-time in community colleges: {Structural} disadvantage, cultural devaluation, and faculty-student relationships},
	volume = {44},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Teaching Sociology},
	author = {Curtis, John W and Mahabir, Cynthia and Vitullo, Margaret Weigers},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
	pages = {270--286},
}

@article{jankowski_integrating_1995,
	title = {Integrating geographical information systems and multiple criteria decision-making methods},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International journal of geographical information systems},
	author = {Jankowski, Piotr},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {251--273},
}

@book{jankowski_gis_2001,
	title = {{GIS} for group decision making},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	author = {Jankowski, Piotr and Nyerges, Timothy},
	year = {2001},
}

@article{heikkila_using_1992,
	title = {Using expert systems to check compliance with municipal building codes},
	volume = {58},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the American Planning association},
	author = {Heikkila, Eric J and Blewett, Edwin J},
	year = {1992},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {72--80},
}

@article{talen_bottom-up_2000,
	title = {Bottom-{Up} {GIS}},
	volume = {66},
	issn = {0194-4363},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360008976107},
	doi = {10.1080/01944360008976107},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
	author = {Talen, Emily},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {279--294},
	annote = {doi: 10.1080/01944360008976107},
}

@article{crooks_key_2008,
	title = {Key challenges in agent-based modelling for geo-spatial simulation},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0198-9715},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0198971508000628},
	doi = {10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2008.09.004},
	abstract = {Agent-based modelling (ABM) is becoming the dominant paradigm in social simulation due primarily to a worldview that suggests that complex systems emerge from the bottom-up, are highly decentralised, and are composed of a multitude of heterogeneous objects called agents. These agents act with some purpose and their interaction, usually through time and space, generates emergent order, often at higher levels than those at which such agents operate. ABM however raises as many challenges as it seeks to resolve. It is the purpose of this paper to catalogue these challenges and to illustrate them using three somewhat different agent-based models applied to city systems. The seven challenges we pose involve: the purpose for which the model is built, the extent to which the model is rooted in independent theory, the extent to which the model can be replicated, the ways the model might be verified, calibrated and validated, the way model dynamics are represented in terms of agent interactions, the extent to which the model is operational, and the way the model can be communicated and shared with others. Once catalogued, we then illustrate these challenges with a pedestrian model for emergency evacuation in central London, a hypothetical model of residential segregation model tuned to London data, and an agent-based residential location model, for Greater London. The ambiguities posed by this new style of modelling are drawn out as conclusions, and the relative arbitrariness of such modelling highlighted.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {GeoComputation: Modeling with spatial agents},
	author = {Crooks, Andrew and Castle, Christian and Batty, Michael},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Agent-based modelling (ABM), Land use models, Pedestrian models, Residential segregation, Theory, Validation},
	pages = {417--430},
}

@article{gocmen_barriers_2010,
	title = {Barriers to {GIS} use in planning},
	volume = {76},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of the American Planning Association},
	author = {Göçmen, Z Aslıgül and Ventura, Stephen J},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {172--183},
}

@article{hu_semantic_2019,
	title = {A {Semantic} and {Sentiment} {Analysis} on {Online} {Neighborhood} {Reviews} for {Understanding} the {Perceptions} of {People} toward {Their} {Living} {Environments}},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {2469-4452},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535886},
	doi = {10.1080/24694452.2018.1535886},
	abstract = {The perceptions of people toward neighborhoods reveal their satisfaction with their living environments and their perceived quality of life. Recently, there is an emergence of Web sites designed for helping people to find suitable places to live. On these Web sites, current and previous residents can review their neighborhoods by providing numeric ratings and textual comments. Such online neighborhood review data provide novel opportunities for studying the perceptions of people toward their neighborhoods. In this article, we analyze such online neighborhood review data. Specifically, we extract two types of knowledge from the data: (1) semantics, or the semantic topics (or aspects) that people talk about regarding their neighborhoods, and (2) sentiments, or the emotions that people express toward the different aspects of their neighborhoods. We experiment with a number of different computational models in extracting these two types of knowledge and compare their performances. The experiments are based on a data set of online reviews about the neighborhoods in New York City, which were contributed by 7,673 distinct Web users. We also conduct correlation analyses between the subjective perceptions extracted from this data set and the objective socioeconomic attributes of New York City neighborhoods and find similarities and differences. The effective models identified in this research can be applied to neighborhood reviews in other cities for supporting urban planning and quality of life studies.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-11-15},
	journal = {Annals of the American Association of Geographers},
	author = {Hu, Yingjie and Deng, Chengbin and Zhou, Zhou},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1535886},
	keywords = {geospatial semantics, análisis de sentimientos, calidad de vida, modelado de temas, neighborhood, online review, quality of life, reseña en red, semántica geoespacial, sentiment analysis, topic modeling, vecindario., 主题模式化。, 地理空间语义学, 情感分析, 生活质量, 网上评论, 邻里},
	pages = {1052--1073},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\jiaxin.du\\Zotero\\storage\\SFP3W43D\\Hu et al. - 2019 - A Semantic and Sentiment Analysis on Online Neighb.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\jiaxin.du\\Zotero\\storage\\FC9F8KDS\\24694452.2018.html:text/html},
}

@article{liu_citywide_2020,
	title = {Citywide {Traffic} {Analysis} {Based} on the {Combination} of {Visual} and {Analytic} {Approaches}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2509-8829},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s41651-020-00057-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s41651-020-00057-4},
	abstract = {A method for citywide traffic analysis is introduced based on the combination of visual and analytical approaches. Large volumes of GPS data collected from urban vehicles are utilized. In the method, a traffic condition map is constructed, composed of five different layers featuring traffic conditions, road linkage, travel patterns, congestion zones, and traffic flows, respectively. Based on the map, specific transport situations surrounding the congested areas are examined and ways of reducing congestion are suggested. The method is evaluated in the aggregated metropolitan area of Athens and Piraeus in Greece, and the potential and the effectiveness of this technique in analysing traffic are demonstrated. With more and more urban vehicles being equipped with GPS devices, the method can be easily transferable to other regions, paving the way for the adoption of the approach for an up-to-date, spatial-temporal sensitive, visual and analytic method for traffic monitoring that supports the establishment of a more sustainable urban transportation system.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis},
	author = {Liu, Feng and Andrienko, Gennady and Andrienko, Natalia and Chen, Siming and Janssens, Davy and Wets, Geert and Theodoridis, Yannis},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {15},
}

@article{peterson_scenario_2003,
	title = {Scenario {Planning}: a {Tool} for {Conservation} in an {Uncertain} {World}},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	shorttitle = {Scenario {Planning}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01491.x},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01491.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: Conservation decisions about how, when, and where to act are typically based on our expectations for the future. When the world is highly unpredictable and we are working from a limited range of expectations, however, our expectations will frequently be proved wrong. Scenario planning offers a framework for developing more resilient conservation policies when faced with uncontrollable, irreducible uncertainty. A scenario in this context is an account of a plausible future. Scenario planning consists of using a few contrasting scenarios to explore the uncertainty surrounding the future consequences of a decision. Ideally, scenarios should be constructed by a diverse group of people for a single, stated purpose. Scenario planning can incorporate a variety of quantitative and qualitative information in the decision-making process. Often, consideration of this diverse information in a systemic way leads to better decisions. Furthermore, the participation of a diverse group of people in a systemic process of collecting, discussing, and analyzing scenarios builds shared understanding. The robustness provided by the consideration of multiple possible futures has served several groups well; we present examples from business, government, and conservation planning that illustrate the value of scenario planning. For conservation, major benefits of using scenario planning are ( 1 ) increased understanding of key uncertainties, ( 2 ) incorporation of alternative perspectives into conservation planning, and ( 3 ) greater resilience of decisions to surprise.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2022-01-06},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Peterson, Garry D. and Cumming, Graeme S. and Carpenter, Stephen R.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01491.x},
	pages = {358--366},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\jiaxin.du\\Zotero\\storage\\KXYZRYJZ\\j.1523-1739.2003.01491.html:text/html},
}

@article{ning_dynamic_2010,
	title = {Dynamic construction site layout planning using max-min ant system},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {0926-5805},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580509001277},
	doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2009.09.002},
	abstract = {Construction site layout planning (CSLP) is a dynamic multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem as there are different facilities employed in the different construction phases of a construction project. In this study, a new method using continuous dynamic searching scheme to guide the max-min ant system (MMAS) algorithm, which is one of the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms, to solve the dynamic CSLP problem under the two congruent objective functions of minimizing safety concerns and reducing construction cost is proposed. Using weighted sum method the MOO problem can be solved by the proposed MMAS method. An office building case was used to verify the capability of the proposed method to solve dynamic CSLP problem and the results are promising. The approach could be benchmarked by researchers using other advanced optimization algorithms to solve the same problem or expand the applications to other fields.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2022-01-08},
	journal = {Automation in Construction},
	author = {Ning, Xin and Lam, Ka-Chi and Lam, Mike Chun-Kit},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Multi-objective optimization, Ant colony optimization algorithms, Continuous dynamic searching scheme, Dynamic construction site layout planning, Max-min ant system},
	pages = {55--65},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\jiaxin.du\\Zotero\\storage\\DNAYMUP3\\S0926580509001277.html:text/html},
}

@book{dehaene_how_2020,
	title = {How {We} {Learn}: {The} {New} {Science} of {Education} and the {Brain}},
	shorttitle = {How {We} {Learn}},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {Penguin},
	author = {Dehaene, Stanislas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
}

@article{s_hochreiter_long_1997,
	title = {Long {Short}-{Term} {Memory}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {0899-7667},
	doi = {10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Neural Computation},
	author = {{S. Hochreiter} and {J. Schmidhuber}},
	month = nov,
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1735--1780},
}

@article{yasumoto_virtual_2012,
	title = {Virtual city models for assessing environmental equity of access to sunlight: a case study of {Kyoto}, {Japan}},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	journal = {International Journal of Geographical Information Science},
	author = {Yasumoto, Shinya and Jones, Andrew and Yano, Keiji and Nakaya, Tomoki},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--13},
}

@article{rosen_citizen_2019,
	title = {From citizen control to co-production: {Moving} beyond a linear conception of citizen participation},
	volume = {85},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Journal of the American planning association},
	author = {Rosen, Jovanna and Painter, Gary},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {335--347},
}

@article{long_understanding_2018,
	title = {Understanding uneven urban expansion with natural cities using open data},
	volume = {177},
	issn = {0169-2046},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204617301123},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.05.008},
	abstract = {The last several decades have witnessed a rapid yet uneven urban expansion in developing countries. The existing studies rely heavily on official statistical yearbooks and remote sensing images. However, the former data sources have been criticized due to its non-objectivity and low quality, while the latter is labor and cost consuming in most cases. Recent efforts made by fractal analyses provide alternatives to scrutinize the corresponding “natural urban area”. In our proposed framework, the dynamics of internal urban contexts is reflected in a quasi-real-time manner using emerging new data and the expansion is a fractal concept instead of an absolute one based on the conventional Euclidean method. We then evaluate the magnitude and pattern of natural cities and their expansion in size and space. It turns out that the spatial expansion rate of official cities (OCs) in our study area China has been largely underestimated when compared with the results of natural cities (NCs). The perspective of NCs also provides a novel way to understanding the quality of uneven urban expansion. We detail our analysis for the 23 urban agglomerations in China, especially paying more attention to the three most dominating urban agglomerations of China: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). The findings from the OC method are not consistent with the NC method. The distinctions may arise from the definition of a city, and the bottom-up NC method contributes to our comprehensive understanding of uneven urban expansion.},
	journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning},
	author = {Long, Ying and Zhai, Weixin and Shen, Yao and Ye, Xinyue},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Social media, China, Head/tail division, New data, Open data, Urban expansion},
	pages = {281--293},
}

@article{jankowski_assessing_2021,
	title = {Assessing impacts of {PPGIS} on urban land use planning: evidence from {Finland} and {Poland}},
	journal = {European Planning Studies},
	author = {Jankowski, Piotr and Forss, Kirsi and Czepkiewicz, Micha{\textbackslash}l and Saarikoski, Heli and Kahila, Maarit},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	pages = {1--20},
}
